Evolução das diferenças nos padrões de mobilidade por gênero em Fortaleza

Abstract

Several studies have pointed to the same differences in mobility patterns between women and men, whether in frequency, distances, times, purposes, modes of transport and other travel characteristics, both in the Global North and in the Global South. The main cause of such differences is the sexual division of labor, which results in a greater burden of housework for women and their consequent lower insertion in the labor market. Another cause of differentiation of mobility between genders is sexual violence, which implies women greater feelings of fear when moving. The effects of such causes on differences in mobility by gender manifest in an expanded or reduced form when crossed with the social markers of difference such as income class, family arrangement, age and race. This study investigates the evolution of differences in mobility patterns by gender from a cross-sectional perspective, encompassing aspects of income, age and family arrangement in Fortaleza between 1996 and 2019. For that, initially a literature review was performed, exploring what these differences consist of, why they manifest themselves (what are their causes) and how they are influenced by income, family arrangement, age and race, in addition to which indicators and analysis methods have been used in studies to characterize this phenomenon. Based on the review, the study hypotheses were raised and then a method for characterizing mobility differences by gender was proposed for the different analysis categories and time frames based on the selection of indicators, descriptive analysis and inference of difference between means or proportions using data from OD Household surveys. The results point to the verification of most of the hypotheses raised and it is noticed that the differentiation of mobility by gender are consistent in all analyzed categories of income, family arrangement and age. In addition, the hypotheses of expanding gender differences by income and age category are verified in most results, which did not occur for the social marker of age. As for the temporal evolution, there is a greater predominance of increased gender differences in mobility over the period of analysis. It is hoped that this study will contribute to further diagnostic analyses, allowing the raising of hypotheses of causality relationships to carry out causal inference analyses, whether through quantitative or qualitative methods, in order to enable a greater understanding of this phenomenon.