A medição na Mecânica Quântica

Abstract

Having Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle as one of the fundamental pilars, the development of the Quantum Mechanics (QM) has shown us a facet of nature that appears to be more inaccessible than in the classical domain. The first quantum phenomena studied did not only had to open ourselves to the unknown, but did also place us on a very thin line that divides the classical from the quantum world, wich is convencionally called coherence; the quantum-classical transition, in turn, decoherence. The present work consists of a review study of theoretical-experimental works, having the focus on the 87 year period between the formulation of the EPR paradox and the Nobel Prize in Physics 2022, awarded to the experimentalists J. Clauser, A. Aspect and A. Zeilinger by the violation of Bell’s inequalities. Throughout the historical review of this works, there are problems wich include some of the most relevant topics of quantum theory that a discussed in parallel with a commented content approach, also bringing some interpretatios of the QM. The violation of inequalities, like a large part of the first proofs of the theory, is an important step in solving a problem, and which however leads us to many others, such as the non-local character of QM. In addition to those mentioned experiments recognized with the Nobel Prize, we will finally address two experiments (one of them mental and the other simpler to carry out) presented in the literature on measurement in Quantum Mechanics, aiming at teaching.