Perspectivas de novas tecnologias de células solares fotovoltaicas como oportunidade para otimizar o aproveitamento do potencial técnico solar do nordeste brasileiro

Abstract

The use of electricity plays a crucial role in contemporary society, and given the significant and growing demand for this essential resource, coupled with the incessant search for resources and social evolution, sustainable development emerges as a response to environmental impacts, emphasizing the transition to renewable sources. In the energy context, photovoltaic solar energy stands out as a promising solution, especially in the Northeast, one of the regions with the greatest technical potential for exploring this source, considering various aspects such as a high and constant solar radiation index and available area. The research objectives also include the comparison of existing and emerging technologies and understanding the challenges and opportunities associated with this energy source. In light of this, this study aims to investigate the underutilization of solar energy in the Northeast region and explore the opportunities and challenges that new photovoltaic solar cell technologies, particularly third-generation ones, face to maximize solar potential in northeastern Brazil. To achieve this, an exploratory study was conducted through bibliographic research. The study classifies photovoltaic technologies into three generations, highlighting the specific limitations and advantages of each under various relevant criteria. The research focuses on the opportunities provided by technologies that are more recent, aiming for a more accessible, sustainable, and efficient energy future. The Brazilian Northeast, with its underutilized solar potential, is identified as a strategic location to implement these new technologies. The results reveal a significant untapped potential, with less than 3% of distributed generation capacity being explored. The comparative analysis between technologies emphasizes the maturity of each as essential to understanding the limitations of silicon cells and the innovative potential of third-generation cells, crucial for material diversification and cost reduction. The research concludes that the Brazilian Northeast presents a unique opportunity for the successful implementation of new photovoltaic technologies.