Análise fisiológica, bioquímica e proteômica de respostas ao estresse salino em plantas de feijão de corda [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]

Abstract

In the present work, an integrated physiological, biochemical and proteomic analysis on cowpea (an economically important species) was carried out in order to understand the responses of plants to salinity. Two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse under hydroponic conditions, using two cultivars of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) with differential tolerance to salt stress: Pitiuba (tolerant) and TVu 2331 (sensitive). In the first experiment, we evaluated the physiological (growth, gas exchange, relative water content, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence) and biochemical (ions and organic solutes accumulations) changes induced by increasing levels of salinity (50, 75 and 100 mM NaCl), as well as the influences of stress two-dimensional (2D) protein patterns in leaves tissues. The results showed the existence of contrasting responses between the cultivars studied, especially with respect to inhibition of shoot growth and the accumulation of compatible solutes, which were higher in TVu. However, salinity did not alter the fluorescence parameters in both genotypes. The global analysis of 2D protein patterns showed that increasing levels of NaCl differentially alter the expression pattern of proteins in leaves, with larger changes in dose 100 mM NaCl. Nevertheless, in the second experiment, the moderate dose of salt with 75 mM NaCl was chosen as the reference dose for the study of changes in the proteome during salt stress and recovery. Salinity altered the expression of 22 protein spots in Pitiuba. Of these spots, the identities of 10 (6 up-regulated and 4 down-regulated) were determined by liquid chromatography electro-spray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). In TVU changes were observed in 27 spots being the identity determined for 9 (5 up-regulated and 4 down-regulated). Besides these, 5 spots that kept their rates expressions in salinity conditions in Pitiúba were also identified. The majority of the identified proteins is related to the process of photosynthesis, performing enzymatic functions or participating in the molecular constitution of photosystems. Proteins with protective role against stress such as chaperones and enzymes of oxidative stress (SOD) were identified, as well as calreticulin, which are probably involved in signal transduction network. In addition, during recovery treatments homeostasis mechanisms of plants to new conditions restored the levels of certain proteins, suggesting their participation in the process of acclimation to salt stress. Overall, results provide some additional information that can lead to a better understanding of the molecular basis of salt tolerance or sensitivity in cowpea plants.