Evolução histórica dos mecanismos sociais e penais no combate à violência doméstica: avanços e desafios no estado do Ceará.

Abstract

This study's general objective is to analyze rates of violence against women in the state of Ceará between 2022 and 2024. To this end, it seeks to achieve the following specific objectives: to understand violence against women from a historical perspective, to identify cases of domestic violence in Brazil, and to understand why the Maria da Penha Law is a legal provision that, while crucial, does not completely reduce gender-based violence. The methodology employed is qualitative, based on a literature review and secondary data analysis. The research explored a theoretical and normative framework, addressing the historical roots of gender-based violence in Brazil, encompassing the social and cultural structures that perpetuate it, and analyzing the legal and social mechanisms for addressing it. Scientific articles, legislation, reports from public institutions, and statistical data were consulted to provide a more in-depth understanding of domestic violence. The results demonstrate that violence against women has deep historical roots, reflecting a patriarchal system that, over the centuries, has naturalized female subordination and violence as a form of control. Regarding the Maria da Penha Law (Law No. 11,340/2006), although recognized as a significant legislative advance and having played a fundamental role in making gender-based violence visible and criminalizing it, the data demonstrate that its implementation alone has not resulted in a reduction in cases of violence. In Ceará, the analysis of the rates corroborated the complexity of the problem, indicating that, despite efforts and the existence of the law, violence persists at worrying levels. This persistence can be attributed to a number of factors, including underreporting, a culture of machismo, a lack of adequate structure and resources for the victim support network, revictimization, and impunity, which often discourage reporting and the continuation of legal proceedings. Furthermore, the research highlights the need to go beyond punishment, focusing on preventive, educational, and female empowerment public policies for effective cultural change. Thus, domestic violence against women in Brazil, and specifically in the state of Ceará, is a challenge that transcends the criminal justice system. Effectively reducing violence rates requires not only strict law enforcement but also investment in gender equality education, victim support networks, re-education programs for perpetrators, and ongoing public awareness.