Saneamento rural: estudo sobre a implantação de um sistema descentralizado de coleta e tratamento de esgoto doméstico na zona rural do Ceará

Abstract

Basic Sanitation in Brazil comprises water supply, sanitation, urban cleaning and solid waste management, drainage, and stormwater management services. Of these five components, one of the least implemented is the collection and treatment of sewage. According to 2021 data from the National Sanitation Information System -SNIS, 55.8% of the population had access to sewage collection, while 51.2% had some form of sewage treatment. Therefore, it is concluded that a significant portion of the Brazilian population lives in communities without access to a quality sewage collection and treatment system. At the state level, according to SNIS (2021), Ceará had approximately 69.9% of the population without sewage collection, and of the collected sewage, 62.9% was untreated. Pacajus, the city studied in this work, had 97.8% of the population without sewage collection, and of the collected sewage, only 20.3% was treated (SNIS, 2021). Decentralized sewage treatment systems have gained prominence in recent years, especially for meeting the sanitation needs of populations in rural areas with a lack of public infrastructure. Therefore, it is necessary to study the implementation of decentralized sewage treatment systems to analyze their efficiency, the social impact on the community, and the improvement of environmental quality. The compartmentalized anaerobic reactor, which is a model of a sustainable decentralized sewage treatment system, was implemented along with other secondary sewage treatment systems, such as the anaerobic filter and the banana circle, in a residence in the Paulicéia community, located in the rural zone of the municipality of Pacajus. This system was chosen based on the needs of a selected family in the study, the climatic factors during implementation, and the biotic and non-biotic factors of the location. Furthermore, this set of systems proposes efficient collection and high-quality treatment of domestic sewage, receiving gray and black water from the entire house and, in addition to improving the quality of life for the environment and the benefiting family, provides a food source from the banana circle.