Revisão sistemática: impacto do licenciamento ambiental para a aquicultura de peixes exóticos nas áreas continentais do nordeste do Brasil

Abstract

The introduction of exotic species promotes the transposition of natural geographic barriers, raising the critical state of biodiversity conservation in ecosystems, placing the planet in the anthropocene era, on the way to yet another mass extinction of biodiversity. In the name of generating wealth and tackling food issues, the executive and legislative powers come together to make rules for environmental licensing and the production of exotic fish more flexible. This systematic literature review deals with the impact of facilitating the production of exotic fish in continental areas of Northeast Brazil on biodiversity. To obtain the information, a Systematic Review was used following the PRISMA protocol for the collection of articles, in the Web of Science database. The research was carried out from April 1st to June 20th, 2022, selecting papers published in the period from 2001 to 2022. 29 studies were obtained that deal with impacts of exotics on biodiversity, environmental conservation, and legislation and constitutional doctrine. Official numerical data are from the IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) database. It was analyzed from Ordinance N°145-N/1998 of IBAMA (Brazilian Institute of the Environment) to IN06/2017 of ICMBIO (Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation) related to the introduction of exotic fish. An increase in the production of exotic fish was observed, coinciding with the entry into force of Resolution 413/2009 of CONAMA (National Council for the Environment), which provides for a simplified procedure and exemption criteria for obtaining environmental licensing for aquaculture. The impact of changes in the ICMBIO structure made through Executive Decree 8,974/2017, revoked by Decree 10,234/2020, was analyzed. The intense changes in the inspection and control structure coincided with a peak in exotic aquaculture production in most states of the Northeast. The few studies show legislation without scientific support and point to the risk of loss of biodiversity in aquatic environments due to the increase in the production of exotic fish in aquaculture. The specialized scientific community, organized civil society and members of the Chamber of Deputies' committees must take the lead in legal demands in defense of biodiversity conservation. On the other hand, the inclusion of environmental education in the Law of Directives and Bases of Education will have the power to sensitize teachers and students about conservation. In the short term, non-governmental organizations, political parties and citizens can avail themselves of the Popular Action, provided for in the Federal Constitution, to annul an act harmful to the environment.