Validação diferencial dos diagnósticos de enfermagem desobstrução ineficaz de vias aéreas, padrão respiratório ineficaz e troca de gases prejudicada

Abstract

The development of studies to differentiate closely related nursing diagnoses is useful to reduce uncertainties that may arise during the diagnostic inference process. This differentiation becomes necessary as the inference related diagnoses can be influenced if they provide similar defining characteristics or whose names leads to the incorporation of other information. Because of the importance in researches related to this issue, this study was conducted in order to identify clinical indicators that help differentiate the nursing diagnosis Ineffective breathing pattern (IBP), Ineffective airway clearance (IAC) and Impaired Gas Exchange (IGE). To achieve the proposed objective this research was developed in three stages: Analysis of the components of the concepts, Content analysis by judges and Differential diagnostic validation. To perform the first stage was used as reference the concepts of the simultaneous analysis model and steps of integrative literature review. In this stage, where analyzed the elements included in the concept of pulmonary ventilation, airway permeability and pulmonary gas exchange by a consensus group composed of three nurses members of the “Núcleo de estudo de Diagnósticos, Intervenções e Resultados de Enfermagem - (NEDIRE)”. The literature search was conducted individually in four databases (LILACS, CINAHL, PubMed and Scopus) and in five technical books. From the results obtained, a final list was proposed that included 28, 21 e 22 clinical indicators for nursing diagnoses IBP, IAC and IGE, respectively. In the Content analysis by judges phase, 39 nurses assessed the adequacy of the clinical indicators, conceptual definitions and empirical references that were determined in the previous stage, as its representative for the nursing diagnoses studied. With the accomplishment of this phase it was possible to validate 21 clinical indicators for IBP, 18 for IAC and 21 for IGE. Those results also showed that the judges considered appropriate all conceptual definitions and proposed empirical references. Finally, in the differential diagnosis validation stage, the indicators validated by the judges were examined clinically in children with pneumonia aged between zero and five years. From the Method of multiple correspondences analysis and the Latent class model, it was possible to determine the set of clinical indicators for the differential diagnosis between the three nursing diagnoses studied. Therefore, the indicators with best discriminative capacity were: Subcostal retraction, Dyspnea, Orthopnea, Change the thoracic thrill and cough for IBP; Excessive mucus accumulation, Adventitious breath sounds and Ineffective cough for IAC; Restlessness, Irritability, Changes in respiratory rate, Altered chest percussion and Diminished breath sounds to IGE. It is believed that the clinical evidence obtained (clinical indicators with good discriminative capacity), can contribute to nurses making more securely the inference of the nursing diagnoses IBP, IAC and IGE, and thus improve the quality of nursing care provided to patients.