Análise do comportamento dinâmico de um motor de corrente contínua por meio de técnicas baseadas na teoria do caos aplicadas a sinais de corrente elétrica

Abstract

The monitoring of the operating condition of electric motors is fundamental to ensure reliability and efficiency in electromechanical systems. Among the existing approaches, the use of electric current as an observable variable stands out for enabling indirect analysis of the system’s behavior without the need for additional mechanical sensors. However, traditional methods based solely on the time and frequency domains present limitations when applied to systems that exhibit nonlinear dynamics and transient variations. In this context, this work aims to collect electric current signals from a direct current motor and then analyze the signal using a technique based on chaos theory, with the objective of characterizing the dynamic behavior of the system under different operating conditions. The analysis employed a method consisting of the experimental acquisition of current signals by means of an ACS712-type sensor integrated into an embedded acquisition system based on the ESP32 microcontroller. The experiments consider different operating regimes, including normal operation, application of continuous mechanical load, intermittent mechanical load, and the off state. The acquired signals were subjected to preprocessing, temporal segmentation, and phase space reconstruction steps. From this reconstruction, metrics based on recurrence analysis and nonlinear dynamics were extracted and compared to a baseline of normal operation, allowing the evaluation of deviations in the dynamic behavior of the system. The results indicate that the electric current contains relevant information about the motor’s operating regime, making it possible to observe consistent differences among the analyzed conditions. Although the performance of the method presents limitations inherent to its exploratory nature and the use of low-cost instrumentation, the results highlight the potential of techniques based on chaos theory as a complementary approach to traditional analyses in the monitoring of direct current motors.