Stable Isotopes Analysis of Bioremediating Organisms in an Innovative Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture System

Abstract

Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) has been demonstrated to be a very useful tool to minimize the waste product production of fish monocultures whilst promoting biomass that can be used for different purposes. The stable isotope analysis (δ13C, δ15N, and C:N ratio) of bioremediating organisms present in an IMTA facility is critical to understanding the nutrient flow between farm food waste and filter-feeding organisms, and hence the bioremediation capability of the IMTA system. Here, we report the isotopic signature of the sediment below the fish cages, the fish artificial food and sixteen different suspension feeding species present in the IMTA system in the Mar Grande of Taranto (Italy). A comparison of the stable isotopes results of the bioremediating organisms with those of the same species collected from a control (Cnt) site, unaffected by the plant discharges, was thus conducted looking for trophic level patterns. This assessment aimed to evaluate the possible influence of aquaculture waste on the diet of the organisms, revealing these findings for the first time. Similar δ15N values (below 2–3‰ between areas) were found between the IMTA and Cnt sites, while differences in δ13C values were found among multiple organisms between the two sites, suggesting a possible different primary source of the organic matter that supports the trophic web. Almost all analyzed species in the IMTA site reported δ13C values lower than Cnt site, being more similar to the isotopic signature of the aquaculture finfish food. However, the wide IMTA isotopic range for both δ15N and δ13C suggested a broad spectrum of diets for bioremediating organisms that can actively mitigate the impacts of mariculture by capturing different particles and using various food sources, leading to more sustainable mariculture activities.