Simple GCM simulations of rainfall over Northeast Brazil, Part 2: model performance for historical seasonal forecasts

Abstract

A dynamical model is used as a simple GCM to perform historical forecasts for rainfall in northeastern Brazil for the years1982–2020. The model is forced by empirically derived source terms and includes basic parameterisations to simulate vertical dif-fusion, convection and condensation. Ensemble forecasts with 38 members are initiated on 1st January using persisted tropicalsea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs). Rainfall forecast performance is evaluated for the February–April (FMA) rainy sea-son. The model reproduces the climatological precipitation in the specified Nordeste region with a mainly dry bias as the modelrainfall maximum is displaced in the the northwest. Hindcasts for interannual rainfall anomalies correlate with observed values(r = 0.46) and model variance is weaker than observed. A further set of forecast experiments with SSTAs restricted to the threemajor ocean basins reveals that most of the forecast skill can be attributed to the Pacific, despite the model's greater sensitivityto Atlantic SSTAs. The sum of results from the three ocean basins is close to the full hindcast result. Finally, a set of 128 forecastruns with idealised SSTAs placed regularly within the tropics is carried out to calibrate the response of modelled rainfall to re-mote influences. An influence function is diagnosed in the form of a tropical distribution of northeastern Brazil rainfall in mm/day per unit SSTA. It is strongly concentrated in the tropical Atlantic, with dry/wet conditions resulting from positive SSTAs inthe northern/southern tropical Atlantic, in keeping with the observed covariance. The influence function is the used to constructa linear approximation to the forecast performance of the simple GCM. It has similar skill but stronger variance, and the skill ispartitioned differently between Atlantic and Pacific influences