Cuidados de enfermagem nas alterações neuropsiquiátricas em pessoas idosas com demência: revisão integrativa

Abstract

The accelerated population aging in Latin America, including Brazil, is accompanied by a significant increase in the elderly population and, consequently, a rise in the prevalence of dementia, which impair cognitive functions and cause social, psychological, and behavioral impacts. Neuropsychiatric Symptoms (NPS) are also common, affecting the quality of life of older adults and generating stress for caregivers. Nursing care for neuropsychiatric alterations plays a crucial role in providing comprehensive care and effectively managing these symptoms, aiming to preserve mental health and support older adults with dementia. This study aimed to analyze nursing care directed at neuropsychiatric alterations in older adults with dementia, exploring key studies and theories addressing these aspects. The research utilized an integrative literature review method. Data collection occurred between June 2023 and June 2024, supported by an adapted instrument, through the databases MEDLINE, SCOPUS, LILACS, and BVS. The inclusion criteria consisted of articles published within the last ten years (2014 to 2024), in Portuguese, English, or Spanish, that addressed the highlighted topic and were indexed in the cited databases. The review analyzed 19 articles that emphasized the role of nursing care in managing NPS in older adults. The studies highlighted the challenges associated with the use of psychotropic medications and the importance of personalized and non-pharmacological approaches. Additionally, cultural influences and institutional barriers, such as resource scarcity and the workload burden on healthcare professionals, were identified. Intervention strategies, including the ACME, DICE, STIP, and TIME models, were evaluated, underscoring the need for continuous support and greater interprofessional integration. It is concluded that the effective management of NPS in older adults requires person-centered nursing care, with an emphasis on personalized approaches, ongoing training, and institutional support. Excessive workload and resource limitations represent significant challenges, while educational strategies emerge as fundamental to promoting humane care. The influence of cultural context is also relevant, highlighting the need to integrate these sensitivities into professional training. Further research is necessary to adapt and enhance these practices, particularly in the Brazilian context, aiming to improve patient quality of life and reduce nurses' workload.