Validação dos resultados de enfermagem estado de deglutição e prevenção da aspiração em pacientes após acidente vascular cerebral

Abstract

The study aimed to build and validate the conceptual definitions and empirical referents of nursing outcomes (NO) related to the State of swallowing and the Prevention of aspiration in patients after stroke. This is a methodological study carried out in three stages: concept analysis, validation by experts and clinical validation. The concept analysis was performed by integrative literature review through online access to six databases: PubMed , CINAHL , Scopus , EMBASE , Web of science and Lilacs, and dissertations and theses available on the website of CAPES and BDTD. The following descriptors were used: deglutition , deglutition disorders and stroke and their synonyms in Portuguese. After a critical reading and the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 29 articles, five dissertations and one thesis were obtained. Initially the concept of study was “Swallowing” and its critical attributes: oral content (food, liquid or saliva), motor and sensory stimulation; oral, pharyngeal and esophageal phases; and transport from the mouth to the stomach. A case model and a opposite case were elaborated and antecedents and consequential for swallowing in the context of stroke patients. At the end, 14 indicators were identified for the swallowing state and its definition was reviewed. The concept of aspiration has already been studied and it was not submitted again to the analysis concept. Thus, for the NO Prevention of aspiration, six indicators were identified and their titles and definitions were revised. After the concept analysis, a tool was built with the concepts and empirical references of both NO. After evaluation by the Research Ethics Committee, the tool was submitted to 14 professionals. The date were compiled in the Excel software and analyzed by the SPSS software version 20.0. According to the sample profile: most experts were female (85.71%), nurses (92.86%), graduated in an average of 6.64 years ago (± 6.72), working in Ceará (92.86%). The experts proposed revision for all the indicators and definitions in order to fit the psychometrics criteria, clustering the indicators Saliva production and Maintains food in mouth; exclusion of the indicators Bolus formation, Number of swallows and Changes in voice quality. The changes happened because the experts considered the possibility to evaluated those indicators by other indicators; and the development of the indicator Uses gastric and enteral tube properly. With the exception of the last indicator, the others were clinically validated in 81 patients with stroke, who were evaluated by two pairs of nurses, one with the tool with the definitions built and the other without the definitions. The evaluations were compared by intraclass correlation coefficient, Friedman test and Minimum Significant Difference. The pair of nurses with the definitions presented total agreement on the evaluation of the results. Only the indicator Nasal reflux was evaluated similarly by both groups. The cluster analysis showed preferential grouping of indicators to the NO Prevention of aspiration. Then, it is recommended the continuation of the validation process of these results in order to confirm the grouping of its indicators, as well as its validation for clinical conditions other than stroke.