Adaptação do modelo Risk-Need-Responsivity no contexto de execução penal brasileiro: proposta de um programa de intervenção

Abstract

Criminology is constituted as an area formed by multiple sciences, all aligned around a common object, crime. In general, the explanations combine elements at the micro and macro levels, mixing social, biological, and psychological elements. Specifically in the psychological field, from the 1960s onwards, some researchers began to seek definitions and explanations that take psychological aspects as their main reference, without disassociating them from social phenomena, in this context the Psychology of Criminal Behavior (PCC) is established. From this field of study, there was the development of actions and policies focused on reducing crime, seeking processes of social reintegration based on evidence. One of the highlights in the PCC field is the Risk-Need-Responsivity model of understanding and intervention, created by Andrews and Bonta based on a review of the world literature about criminal behavior. This model is formed by a set of principles understood as technical-theoretical guidelines, which instruct professionals’ actions and strategies, as well as guide research. The basic principles of the RNR indicate that criminal behavior can be measured and estimated (risk), and should guide the intensity of the intervention, while the survey of the inmates' demands indicates which elements the intervention should focus on (need), finally, the intervention should be guided by the participants' way of learning and their abilities (responsivity). In this context, the assessment of the risk of recurrence is crucial for the evaluation of interventions, a point at which theories become more complex. Therefore, this thesis aimed to propose an intervention program to reduce the risk of criminal recidivism based on the Risk-Need-Responsividy (RNR) model. To this end, a pilot study was carried out with inmates of the prison system, in which 39 inmates of the prison system participated, with an average age of 31 years. For this study, an adaptation of the international recommendations for the prison context in Ceará was carried out, regarding physical space and the possibility of carrying out the intervention. From the pre and post intervention comparison, a low effect is identified, which is related to the low autonomy of organizing the selection of participants and the duration of the process. Parallel to the intervention, a systematic review with meta-analysis related to criminal behavior in Brazil was carried out, in order to identify relevant variables for our context. Based on the 42 selected documents, it was possible to identify 89 different variables used in the explanation of criminal behavior, while only five presented a frequency that allowed the analysis to be carried out. The results point to a positive effect between alcohol and drug abuse and psychopathy in engaging in crimes. Based on the pilot study and the meta-analysis, an intervention protocol of 12 sessions is proposed, which focuses on intervening in the demands identified by the RNR model. In addition, we sought to indicate possible legal and technical paths for the implementation of this intervention in the Brazilian prison system.