A (des)esperança em três contos de Juan Rulfo: "Nos han dado la tierra", "Paso del Norte" e "Luvina"

Abstract

With his characteristic shyness and laconism, the author of a brief and at the same time deep narrative, Mexican Juan Rulfo (1917-1986) is known as one of the biggest writers in the Spanish language of the Twentieth century (CAMPBELL, 2010) with only three works published: the tale book El Llano en llamas (1953), the romance Pedro Páramo (1955) and the novel El Gallo de Oro (1980). In his writings, Rulfo dedicates himself to show the echo and the presence of a deep lack of hope (MONSIVÁIS, 1981). This article aims to identify and analyze the situations and the motivating elements of the feeling of (un)hope of the characters narrated in the three tales of his work El Llano en llamas: “Nos han dado la tierra”, “Paso del Norte” and “Luvina”. It was decided to start from the idea present in the expression “hopeless hope”, which is a reference to Eric Nepomuceno ([2004] 2015), by understanding that the feelings of hope of the characters are based on something or some situation that ends up unsuccessful, not satisfactorily fulfilling his expectations and causing frustration and delusion. To support and enrich this study, the sociohistorical context of Mexico in the post-revolutionary period, between the years 1920 and 1940, was used. To complete the proposed objectives, the theoretical contributions used were the works of Antonio Candido (1979), Evodio Escalante (1996), José Miguel Oviedo (2001, 2012), Luis Harss ([1966] 1969) and Sergio López Mena (1996, 2007), among others, to understand and situate the literary work of Juan Rulfo in the context of our literature, and with the support of Héctor H. Bruit (1988), Luis M. Garfias (2005), Enrique Krauze (2011) and Edwin Williamson (2012), mainly, to comprehend the consequences of the revolutionary conflict and their impact in the sociocultural reality of the Mexican people.