Pescadores artesanais e a implementação de áreas marinhas protegidas: estudo de caso no nordeste do Brasil

Abstract

Over the past decade, the establishment of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in coastal zones has increased considerably. However, it is common in many countries the absence or ineffectiveness of the process of participatory planning in the creation of these protected areas, which can cause several socio-environmental conflicts, especially with traditional communities. This paper aims to examine the use of environmental perception for analysis and creation of an MPA in northeastern Brazil (Icapuí, Ceará), a region recognized by the conflict between modes of its coastal fisheries. This region is known mainly for its lobster (Panulirus spp.) fishery, which has had a significant decline in the last 50 years due to illegal and excessive fishing. It is relevant to mention that the lobster, more than a fishing resource of high economic value, is a symbol of artisanal fisheries of the region. The creation of an MPA was analyzed from the perspective of the local fishermen, focusing on a participatory environmental diagnosis and possibilities for sustainable use of the area. To achieve this purpose, the socio-economic profile and the main fishing resources were analyzed using semi-structured questionnaires and interviews. We also analyzed the environmental perception regarding the proposed marine protected area and the most appropriate category of use, according to participants. The results showed that the population of this marine area depends directly on fishing activity, and that fishermen have a good perception of the ecosystem relations and resources in the region. In addition, all residents recognize the importance and need for the establishment of a Marine Protected Area, like community-based bottom-up MPA. An MPA would be a way to protect natural resources and encourage the adoption of conservation measures around the coast of Ceará. It is intended that the model of environmental perception and participatory diagnosis with traditional fishermen serve as an example for discussion of problems related to management of marine protected areas, which must reconcile the exploitation of fishing resources and the conservation of the property / environmental services.