Eficiência técnica, produtividade e liderança tecnológica na indústria bancária brasileira: uma abordagem não paramétrica

Abstract

Since 1995, the Brazilian government implemented a great number of legal, institutional and regulatory changes with the purpose of adjust and strengthen the National Financial System (NFS) to the new stabilized macroeoconomic scenario. One of the main movements that took place last decade was the entrance and/or the increase of the foreign participation in the financial institutions that operate in the country. The aim of this measure was the improvement of the efficiency and of the technological pattern of the Brazilian financial institutions. From the point of view of the government, this would be done through investments made by the global financial institutions that supposedly, at that time, have more advanced technology than their national peers. The purpose of this research is to evaluate whether the government´s goals toward the efficiency and the productivity of the Brazilian Bank Industry were achieved for the whole sample of banks analyzed. Furthermore, the total sample will be separated in three subgroups of banks by the origin of the main shareholder – private national banks, foreign banks and public banks. The Data Envelopment Analysis methodology will be used for the construction of the production frontier. This methodology will allow the estimation of the technical efficiency and of the Malmquist total factor productivity (TFP) index. The data showed that, for the total sample of banks, the technical efficiency has not evolved as expected, however the TFP had an increase, mainly due to the technological progress. The three subgroups of banks showed similar behavior for the technical efficiency. Foreign banks had the greater increase in the Malmquist TFP index, followed by the national private banks and by the public banks. It was applied a non-parametric technology leadership test developed by MARINHO and BENEGAS (2002) that is based in the theoretical concept of meta-production frontier. The test showed that the national private banks performed the technological leadership. This result is very significant because it contradicts the argument used by the government that the foreign banks would have a more advanced technological process than the national banks.