Estado da arte da utilização de baterias em veículos elétricos

Abstract

Greenhouse gas emissions from transport reached 204.1 million tons in Brazil during 2016. In Fortaleza, around 61% of air pollution is from fossil fuel powered vehicles. One of the main solutions to reduce these emissions is the higher use of electric vehicles. In this context, the present monography consists on a study about the batteries used in such vehicles, considering their usage, diffusion and infrastructure involved. Initially, the state-of-art is shown through the timeline analysis of batteries used for electric vehicles, and the lithium-ion ones, also taking into account the promising technology semi-solid lithium-metal battery. In addition, the international, national and local panoramas of electric vehicles are exposed, highlighting the market and the public policies adopted to spread such technology. The study was followed by a comparative analysis between the batteries used nowadays (lithium-ion batteries, semi-solid lithium-metal battery, and sodium-sulfur and sodium-nickel chloride solid-state batteries), a survey of international and national incentives and investments. Finally, a proposal for the necessary infrastructure for electric vehicles combined with a solar photovoltaic system is presented. This is an important segment where Brazil presents a great exploration potential. It is concluded that lithium-ion battery technology is best suited for electric vehicles today, and that the semi-solid lithium-metal battery has great potential to compete in the medium/long term market. Brazil is below the desired level in the sector, but has been showing progress. The proposal to combine electric vehicles with a solar photovoltaic system is promising because it has been successful in several applications.