Dialética da natureza em Marx: Diálogo com a crítica do ecossocialismo à degradação ambiental

Abstract

This doctoral thesis, developed in the Postgraduate Program of the Philosophy Course of the Federal University of Ceara, is a concise research on the relationship between the thinking of the German philosopher Karl Marx and contemporary ecologism with the objective of demonstrating that there is a dialogue between the marxian conception of nature and the criticism of ecosocialism the environmental degradation; countering, therefore, the caveats that ecologism makes to the marxian concept of nature that considers it supporter of modern economism. The relevance of this study lies in the fact that the question about the degradation of nature is the main discussion that involves the thinking of Marx at the present time. Marx's criticism of the political economy of capital reveals that the alienation of labor promotes the practical-theoretical segregation between society and nature. This is the main theoretical legacy of Marx, made explicit in the indispensable work, The Capital, which warns of the destructive character of the capitalist economy. In the restrictions to the marxian conception it is verified that they are recurrent those that make caveats to the concept of nature, claiming for it's the thesis of unilaterality in the foundation of the dialectical relation between man and nature, characterizing Marx as economistic thinker. This critique of ecosocialism affects the foundation of Marx's theory, since it is from this that ecologism affirms that marxian thought is based on a theoretical schematism that precludes the understanding of the ecological crisis. However, what is found in the marxian concept of nature is diametrically opposed to this objection, for it emphasizes the dialectical determination between society and nature when it critic the history of nature creationism in speculative logic. In the works, Manuscripts of 1844, German Ideology and Capital, Marx reiterates this dialectical determination of nature in examining the alienation of labor, the relation between consciousness and history, and the commodity. However, he considers that nature is the fundamental presupposition, because it has value in itself. In the exposition on the dialectic between man and nature a process of reciprocity between these instances is evidenced, inferred from the necessary relation of exchange with nature, since it concerns the production and maintenance of material and social life. In short, the verification that there is a dialectic of nature in Marx, demonstrates that there is a dialogue between this and the critique of ecosocialismo the environmental degradation, because environmentalism when denouncing the alienation between man and nature critic the capitalist economy and claims the reestablishment of the dialectic between man and nature.