A caracterização dos tipos de dêixis como processos referenciais

Abstract

This work focuses the analysis of the deixis as a reference process. Two fundamental traces characterize the demarcation in the literature on the subject: the ostensivity, defined by Bühler (1982 [1934]) based on coordinates established by the I-here-now, and that of subjectivity, presented by authors such as Benveniste (1988 [1976]) and Lahud (1979). Based on the assumption assumed by Textual Linguistics that the concept of text encompasses all the cotextual and situational or contextual elements in a broader sociohistorical sense, it is possible to go beyond the definition of deitics as expressions that point to "extralinguistic" or " extratextual "and to take them as the manifestation of referential processes that necessarily consider the origo of the enunciative scene in which announcer and interlocutor simulate to situate themselves, fulfilling social roles. In order to reconsider this, we try to organize the deitic types presented by works that deal with this description, discussing similarities and differences presented by the authors as to the forms they can present, as well as the definitions of each type. With this, we intend to verify regularities in the characterizations given in the literature on the subject, pondering on traits that favor the overlap of types and on certain deitics uses that do not strictly meet the definitive criteria. In the review of the types of deixis, we start with six classifications that are more traditional: personal, temporal, spatial, social, textual and memorial, present in studies such as that of Cavalcante (2000) and Ciulla (2002, 2008). Fonseca (1992, 1996), who propose two more types: modal and fictional deitic. Regarding the methodology, with regard to the technical procedures, we carried out a bibliographical research, according to the characterization of Gil (1999). Initially, in order to verify the works of the state of the art that discussed deictic types, we search for the term “dêixis” or "deixis" (English), on scientific research bases: Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (BDTD), Digital Bank of Theses and Dissertations of Capes, Portal of Journals of Capes, Scopus and Scielo. We select, among these, the works that deal with the types of deixis, and we have made a comparative picture of the studies of the state of the art. As corpus of demonstration of this research, we collected with undergraduate students in UFC Languages/Literature, as an activity of the teaching stages, texts with diverse genre content and thematic, as we aimed at the manifestation of the phenomenon discussed. Finally, we reflect on the effects of sense that the deitic can exercise in contexts of use, noting that: 1) the deixis is responsible for transmitting effects of identification between the interlocutors 2) deitic marks express the argumentative orientation of a text; 3) the points of view of the interlocutors are related to the deixis by the enunciative characteristic, since it points to traces of the enunciation itself, explaining the interactive character between speaker and interlocutor; 4) the deixis can be characterized as referential process, since the concept of text advocated by Textual Linguistics also encompasses the context of the communicative situation; 5) the types of deities fulfill a metadiscursive function, allowing the speaker to address the interlocutor in order to attract his attention, influence him or make him a direct participant in the communicative activity, among others.