Parâmetros bioquímicos, fisiológicos e proteômica do feijão-de-corda [Vigna Unguiculata (l) walp.] Infectado pelo vírus do mosaico severo do caupi (cpsmv) e a influência do estresse salino nesta interação incompatível.

Abstract

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is a great commercialy importance food, however its productivety is strongly decreased by environmental stresses, biotic or abiotic. In semiarid regions, salinity and viruses, such as severe mosaic of cowpea (CPSMV), are the most important stresses that limit cowpea yield. Under field conditions, these stresses may occur individually or simultaneously increasing the negative effects on plants growth and development. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to improve the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the incompatible interaction of cowpea (BRS-Marataoã genotype) with CPSMV, salt stress and the combination of stresses. Under these conditions, were evaluated gas exchange measurements (PN, gS, C and E), chlorophyll content (Chla, chlb, total chl and carotenoids), enzyme kinetics of antioxidant protein (superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase), PR-proteins (peroxidase-glucanase and chitinase), the hydrogen peroxide dosage and quantification of TBARS. In addition, the differentially accumulated proteins from cowpea leaves subjected to combined stress were quantified and identified by nano LC-MS / MS and available databases. The analyzes were performed at 2 and 6 days after the stresses imposition. Visually, the resistant cultivar BRS-Marataoã did not have symptoms of disease caused by CPSMV, as expected, additionaly, plants did not show accumulation of virus particles in the infected leaves. Besides that, the infected plants (V) showed high levels of photosynthesis and chlorophyll compared to control plants (I). Furthermore, it was observed reductions in CAT and APX and increases in SOD and PAL activities, leading to increase of H2O2 and phenolic compounds in infected plants compared to controls. Interestingly, the βGLU activity decreased only in plants inoculated with V, which may have been associated with increase of callose, which prevents the virus spreading in the plant. All these results shown support evidences that this cultivar is resistant to CPSMV. When the combination of salt stress and viruses are applied simultaneously [SV], a remarkable decrease was observed in photosynthetic parameters and chlorophyll content. These results are even lower when the salt stress is induced and, 24 hours later, inoculated CPSMV is [S(24h)V]. The CPSMV resistant cultivar became sensible to this virus after 24 h in presence of salt stress. In this group of plants, we noted the presence of RNA of viral particles, and a large accumulation of peroxide and membrane damage, showing that the salt stress, when applied 24 hours before the viral stress, weakens the plant and favors the pathogen attack. However, these plants did not show apparent symptoms of CPSMV. This may be related to the increased activity of antioxidant enzymes and PR-proteins such as CAT, SOD, thioredoxin, peroxiredoxins CHI and POX when compared to the controls. It is known that those enzymes trigger defense mechanisms and prevent the establishment of diseases in plants. Differentially expressed proteins related to photosynthesis, carbohydrate energy and metabolism, defense and stress, structure and signaling, nucleotide ligands, related to redox homeostasis, among others, were identified with nano LC-MS/MS. These results are important for the understanding of the cellular mechanisms that act in string bean, genotype BRS-Marataoã, when subjected to viral infection, to saline stress, and to both stresses in a combined manner.