Uso integrado de práticas de manejo na recuperação de um solo salino-sódico cultivado com coqueiro

Abstract

The salt affected soils are known for a long time, however, the scale and intensity have increased considerably, resulting in the expansion of the area degraded by salinity and sodicity. Thus, appropriate management practices to control soil salinity become fundamental mainly aimed at sustainability, as well as being alternative uses and land reclamation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the integrated use of management practices in the reclamation of a saline-sodic soil in the irrigated Perimeter Curu-Pentecoste, Ceará, and then carried out an economic viability analysis, using profitability indicators of process of reclamation. The study was conducted in an area cultivated with coconut with 2 years old, with the plants showing delayed development. Initially it was installed a subsurface drainage system consisting of an open drain collector of 135 m, ten side drains of 45 m, composed of pipes Drenoflex DN 65 mm, manta bidim OP-20 and a box of gravel No. 01. The experiment was installed with annual crops between rows of coconut, with treatments being arranged in a randomized block design in a split plot design with four replications during two cycles (2009/2010 and 2010/2011). The plots were formed by the treatments: T1. Subsoiling (S), T2. S + 20 Mg ha-1 gypsum, T3. S + 40 Mg ha-1 of organic matter; T4. S + 10 Mg ha-1 gypsum + 20 Mg ha-1 of organic matter; T5. S + 20 Mg ha-1 gypsum + 40 Mg ha-1 of organic matter. The subplots correspond to two crop rotation systems: cotton-cowpea (AL / FC) and sunflower-cowpea (GI / FC ). The use of subsoiling along with the installation of subsurface drainage system provided an average drawdown of the water table of 0.3 m promoted improvements in soil physical conditions by increasing the hydraulic conductivity. The production of coconut from the first sample taken showed increasing trend from 33.3 fruit / plant / year in 2010/2011 to 152.4 fruits / plant / year in 2011/2012. The results demonstrate that the use of gypsum and organic matter contributed to the decreased levels of salinity and sodicity, and their effects are more evident for reducing sodicity, with gypsum proving more efficient in this process. The highest rates of gypsum and organic matter applied in the treatment T5 promoted greater productivity for sunflower and cowpea. There were no differences in the shoots dry matter of the species within two years of cultivation, however, in the cycle 2010/2011 there was an average increase of 114% (cotton) and 89% (sunflower) relative to 2009/2010 cycle, being an indicative of the progressive recovery of the soil. Statistically significant difference in stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration were observed only between seasons. Foliar concentrations of Na+ in plants of sunflower and cotton crops were reduced in the second cycle, relative to the first one, especially in the treatments with application of gypsum. The reclamation process showed economic viability at the rate of 2% per year, according to the characteristics of the family farmer assisted by PRONAF. However, the result was only possible with the contribution of coconut production, considering that the production cotton, sunflower and cowpea were not enough to cover the investment.