Biotransformação de resíduos da carcinicultura em produtos de alto valor agregado

Abstract

Shrimp farming is the fastest growing segment in aquiculture in the world. In Brazil, Ceara is the largest producer with 50 % of all production. Approximately 40 % of the shrimp weight is considered waste as the head, tail and bark, generating large amounts of waste that must be properly discarded. Thus, the reuse of shrimp farming waste through biotechnological resources emerges as an innovative alternative to reduce environmental pollution caused by that activity. This study aimed to perform a biotechnological process based on bacterial consortium capable to fermenting shrimp waste turning them into a liquor used in feed for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) post-larvae in sex reversal process. Lactic acid bacteria strains used were identified by sequencing of the 16S rRNA, rpoA and pheS genes and biochemical tests involving the ability to ferment carbohydrates. For the consortium selection some studies were performed such as chemical kinetics use of Monod, Andrews and Levenspiel mathematical models to determine possible types of inhibition. To evaluate the liquor potential from fermentation as a supplement in feed for tilapia post-larvae were prepared feed diets with liquor inclusions of 15, 30 and 45 %, by monitoring the water quality and temperature parameters, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, total ammonia nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate and orthophosphate in addition to growth performance. For that, we evaluated the survival rate, specific growth rate, weight and length gain, feed conversion factor and selection by size. This work identified lactobacilli strains named Lact 7, Lact 8, Lact 9 and Lact 14 as belonging to Lactobacillus plantarum species, Lact 6 as L. futsaii and Lact 11 as Pediococcus acidilactici. As to fermentation kinetic parameters, Lact 6, Lact 7 and Lact 14 strains showed the best results and there was no evidence of inhibition by substrate or product. During shrimp heads fermentation Lact 6 and Lact 14 consortium produced the highest lactic acid yields, about 100 g.L-1. Liquor inclusions of 15 and 30 % provided the best results for survival, weight and length gain, specific growth rate and biomass of Nile tilapia post-larvae. Feed conversion did not differ between treatments, being slightly higher in treatment with 30 % of liquor. Nitrite, nitrate and orthophosphate increased significantly over the weeks, although concentrations have remained at acceptable levels and other parameters remained within the recommended during the tilapia development. The data from this study showed that it is technologically feasible to transform shrimp farming waste into added-value products by lactic fermentation. The resulting liquor fermentation, rich in protein, minerals and pigments can be incorporated in a proportion of up to 30% in tilapia feed, without causing, any impact the development of tilapia post-larvae and thus bringing economic benefits and proper disposition of shrimp farming waste.