Fatores associados à ocorrência de sífilis congênita : um estudo caso-controle

Abstract

The aim of this study is to identify the factors associated with the occurrence of congenital syphilis in a tertiary hospital in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará. This is an observational, correlational, case-control. The study was conducted from August 2015 to January 2016 in Rooming of a hospital/maternity of reference belonging to the network of hospital care in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará. For classification and composition of the case and control groups, we used the following inclusion criteria: case group - mothers diagnosed with syphilis during pregnancy or at delivery, which had their live newborns or fetuses with unfavorable outcomes (stillbirth or abortion) included in the congenital syphilis criteria of the Brazilian Ministry of Health; control group - mothers without a diagnosis of syphilis during pregnancy or at delivery. Were included in this study 250 mothers, 50 for the case group and 200 to the control. They were collected information about sociodemographic, gynecological, obstetric, living habits and vulnerabilities, as well as assess the knowledge, attitude and practice about prevention of congenital syphilis, analyzing the correlation of these variables with the occurrence of transmission vertical this disease through the following statistical tests: Odds Ratio (OR) with their respective Confidence Intervals (CI) of 95% and the chi-square test of Pearson association. Identified a statistically significant association between the occurrence of congenital syphilis and the following variables of the mothers: age 20-29 years (OR: 2.07; 95% CI: 1.02 - 4.19); education equal to or less than nine years of education (OR: 4.04; 95% CI: 1.86 - 8.75); family income equal to or less than R$ 788.00 reais (OR: 3.08; 95% CI: 1.16 - 8.18); Married or common-law marriage marital status (OR: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.22 - 0.82); white race (OR: 0.38; 95% CI: 0.15 - 0.94); Catholic religion (OR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.22 - 0.85); early onset of sexual intercourse under 15 years of age (OR: 2.92; 95% CI: 1.18 - 7.24); only one sexual partner last year (OR: 0.31; 95% CI: 0.16 - 0.61); a history of sexually transmitted infections (OR: 9.49; 95% CI: 4.66 - 19.34) and contraceptive use (OR: 0.16; 95% CI: 0.08 - 0.33). In addition, it was found that smoking (OR: 2.69; 95% CI: 1.42 - 5.14), alcohol consumption (OR: 4.26; 95% CI: 2.23 - 8.15), illicit drug use (OR: 3.78; 95% CI: 1.69 - 8.45), tattoo (OR: 2.71; 95% CI: 1.43 - 5.11), piercing (OR: 2.79; 95% CI: 1.02 - 7.63), frequent change of residence (OR: 2.37; 95% CI: 1.26 - 4.48), a sex worker (OR: 17 31; 95% CI: 1.89 - 158.47), con partner (OR: 12.70; 95% CI: 1.29 - 124.85), sexual violence (OR: 3.63; 95% CI: 1.59 - 8.29) and physical / verbal (OR: 2.75; 95% CI: 1.33 - 5.69), representing life habits and vulnerabilities that extend the chances of occurrence of congenital syphilis. As for prenatal care, carrying out a number of consultations less than seven (OR: 3.27; 95% CI: 1.64 - 6.53), gestational age at onset of prenatal care or less 12 weeks (OR: 0.27; 95% CI: 0.13 - 0.56) the execution of two VDRL tests during prenatal care (OR: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.03 – 0.21) and receiving guidelines on sexually transmitted infections/syphilis in prenatal care (OR: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.08 - 0.42) were features that are statistically associated with the occurrence of congenital syphilis the adequacy of knowledge (OR: 0.16; 95% CI: 0.08 - 0.32), attitude (OR: 0.14; 95% CI: 0.07 - 0.27) and practice (OR: 0.04; 95% CI: 0.01 - 0.17) were considered protective factors contributing to reduce the chances of occurrence of congenital syphilis. Therefore, it is concluded that congenital syphilis consists of a complex offense, which features a variety of factors associated with the occurrence of this disease, deserves careful attention by parts of the health professionals who work directly in assisting pregnant women, as well as those responsible the development of policies directed to this public.