Caminhos da arquitetura moderna em fortaleza: a influência brutalista na obra dos arquitetos Fausto Nilo e Delberg Ponce de Leon

Abstract

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s architecture in São Paulo, notably identified as brutalist, became hegemonic in the scenario of Brazilian architecture of the period (Segawa, 1998), although it was not the only trend to issue influences. The search for the truth of the construction, the expression of materials and structures, through the explanation of the constructive logic of the building, especially the use of exposed concrete, it is, generally, the main features of the movement that influenced the architecture of the period in several Brazilian cities, including Fortaleza. Thus, this paper aims to identify, through analysis of selected works of architects Fausto Nilo and Delberg Ponce de Leon, how these references were incorporated and materialized, critically questioning the context and the conditions in which this influence is established. Fausto Nilo (1944) and Delberg (1944) are representatives of the first generation of graduates of the School of Architecture of UFC, established in 1965. The formation of both was strongly influenced by modern architecture produced in the major urban centers of the country, mainly because the school teachers were trained in these centers. Architectural references of brutalism in São Paulo, widely broadcasted in national magazines that advertised the projects of important architects such as Artigas, Paulo Mendes, Joaquim Guedes, Ruy Othake ,among others, had an impact on the formation and production of Fausto and Delberg, who have worked together in many projects since they graduated. It can be seen, however, that the "ethical and aesthetic" assumptions of brutalism suffers limitations and denials. The political and ideological content of the brutalism in São Paulo, related to some extent to the resistance of intellectuals, academics and architects to political and ideological apparatus of the military government in the context of dictatorship found little echo in the cultural and architectural scenario in Fortaleza, although it was not ignored by individual local architects. Regarding the influence of the aesthetic content of brutalism, it was adapted and mixed with other references or even with pragmatic conditions of local motivation. The use of exposed concrete by the architects constitutes the element that refers more strongly to brutalism, but it takes, in some situations, formalist features, it represents a certain weakening of the movement architectural language, especially in the indiscriminate use of concrete in architectural elements, which dispensed its use, according denounced Sérgio Ferro (1980) about the performance of the architects in São Paulo. With the aim of supporting the questioning about the influence of brutalism in Fortaleza, we intend to analyze the production of architects, adopting as methodological procedure the theoretical propositions of Zein (2005) to characterize the works with influences brutalist, taking into account: "the concept, composition, building system, the textures and luminous appearance and the symbolic-conceptual pretensions ". The relevance of the article is based on the need to understand the ramifications of modern Brazilian architecture in the local panorama, to establish connections of similarities and differences. With the analysis, we also intend to make a record of this phase of modern architecture produced in Fortaleza from the work of the mentioned architects, which had significant activity in the architectural setting of the Capital of Ceará.