Rhodolith beds in Brazil-a natural heritage in need of conservation

Abstract

Aim: Brazil harbours the largest known extent of rhodolith beds (RBs) in the world, a habitat whose ecological and economicimportance have been widely overlooked. This creates a dire situation that is likely to worsen with the rapidly expanding humanactivities, considering that less than 5% of Brazil's ocean area is fully protected. We assessed the importance of Brazilian RBsfor supporting biodiversity, at a country-wide level, and identified multi-criteria hotspots that, in face of lack of protection andpresence of anthropogenic threats, could safeguard conservation seascapes across Southwestern Atlantic waters.Location: Southwestern Atlantic Ocean.Methods: We performed a systematic review of studies on Brazilian RBs to retrieve information regarding their spatial distribu-tion and associated biodiversity. Multi-criteria hotspots were identified based on the areas where high species diversity co-occurswith a high presence of endemic, threatened and commercially important species. Furthermore, we assessed how well RBs arecovered by marine protected areas (MPAs), as well as their spatial overlap with multiple threats.Results: Existing records for Brazilian RBs indicate > 1000 different species, mostly fish and algae, including significant num-bers of endemic, threatened and commercially important species. Most of the RBs are either unprotected or only partially pro-tected, including the majority of the biodiversity hotspots identified by our analysis. Among the main potential threats to RBs,bottom trawling ranks highest, while the expansion of seabed mining and oil and gas activities may sharply increase the risk ofcumulative impacts on RBs in the near future.Main Conclusions: Our large-scale quantitative assessment confirms the significant role of RBs as biodiversity hotspots. Thisinformation could be leveraged to help meet the twin goals of RB conservation, through the establishment of highly-protectedMPAs in hotspot areas, and their sustainable use through an ecosystem-based approach that accounts for vulnerabilities of RBsto multiple threats.