Análise de perda óssea alveolar na periodontite através de radiografias panorâmicas: revisão de literatura

Abstract

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes destruction of the insertion periodontium, characterized by the loss of cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, which can lead to tooth loss. Panoramic radiography is a twodimensional technique that produces a single image of the upper and lower arches, often used in clinical practice, in addition to having a low dose of radiation, with minimal discomfort to the patient during it. The objective was to carry out a literature review of studies that analyzed alveolar bone loss (ABL) in periodontitis using panoramic radiographs, verifying how radiographic alveolar bone loss (ABL) was assessed. A search was carried out in the Pubmed/Medline, Pubmed Central, Lilacs, Scielo and Cochrane Library databases covering the period from January 2013 to September 2023, using the descriptors <alveolar bone loss=, <panoramic radiograph= and <periodontal diseases= in association. The following inclusion criteria were used: publications in the English language, studies on humans, published in the last 10 years. Case reports and non-human studies were disregarded. A total of 1118 abstracts were found, distributed as follows: Pubmed/Medline: 120 studies; Pubmed Central: 997 studies; Lilacs: 1 study; Scielo and Cochrane Library: 0 studies. After reading titles and abstracts and applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 29 studies were selected for full reading. After reading the 29 selected articles in full, 11 articles were considered appropriate for this literature review. Variations were found in the studies regarding the way of classifying ABL, with different ways of measuring and analyzing ABL being used on panoramic radiographs. The detection of ABL as a complementary diagnostic method evaluated in these studies, through the analysis of panoramic radiographs, was considered a viable tool superior to the analyzes performed clinically by dentists, suffering limitations in the region of the anterior teeth. Clinical studies have been using ABL as an auxiliary means of diagnosing periodontitis and level of bone loss, but there is no consensus between the method of assessment and parameters used.