Proposição conceitual de regulamentaçãode incentivos à geração fotovoltaica baseada em impactos socioeconômicos

Abstract

Motivated by initiatives such as the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 1 - No Poverty and SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy, and based on the state of the art, this thesis proposal aims to propose strategies/methods for the establishment of Photovoltaic Projects (PPVs) in countries with a high Gini index. Initially, considering the period from 2003 to 2022, a total of 336 publications were found in the Scopus database. The results show that reducing energy poverty is often associated with photovoltaic (PV) generation and its application in rural areas. Thus, a gap is identified in the application of PV in urban areas with the aim of reducing multidimensional poverty in countries with a high Gini index, as well as in the synergistic integration of energy and urban planning. In this context, the development of policies promoting the establishment of the aforementioned PV application in selected areas, usually occupied by low-income families and characterized by low-rise buildings, is proposed, offering better access to solar irradiation. This study provides new perspectives on the comprehensive analysis and evaluation of these projects while considering social, environmental, and economic aspects. The presented proposition is based on an in-depth study of a series of Brazilian laws, regulations, and bills, as well as a comparison of these with those existing in Europe. Among the gaps identified in Brazilian regulations, the formal concept of Energy Communities is one of the most relevant, as the misuse of the term was identified when it is related to informal settlements, formerly known as favelas. Moreover, it was found that current laws, as well as those under consideration in the Brazilian legislature, maintain a focus on tariff reduction, energy poverty, and diversification of the electricity matrix, while also presenting redundancies, as identified between Decree 12.084/2024, which deals with the Clean Energy program in the Minha Casa Minha Vida project, Law 14.300, which establishes the Social Electricity Program (PERS), and Bill No. 2.458/2022. The presented proposition already unifies various articles and sections of these legislations, in addition to considering benefits beyond tariff reduction and energy matrix diversification. The integration of energy and urban planning is reinforced since the way a city is built directly contributes to energy demand and efficiency. Therefore, the proposal to create specific areas for Photovoltaic Projects for Multidimensional Poverty Alleviation (PFVAPM), the use of the Burdened Granting of Use Authorization, and the Green Property Tax should be considered both in the Master Plan, with observance of the Land Use and Occupation Law, and in the regulations inherent to the use of renewable energies, such as Law 14.300 or even Bill 624/2023, as these changes are vital to the sustainable development of cities. Furthermore, this improvement also helps mitigate the risk to the right of access to sunlight for distributed generation projects in general. Based on the developed Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) simulation, it is possible to prove the financial feasibility of PFVAPM exclusively with private investment, where the benefits for the investor are presented in the form of reduced electricity tariffs, with an LCOE of 0.17 BRL/kWh. In this LCOE composition, benefits to poor citizens are included, such as an average monthly remuneration of around 50% of the minimum wage, training for the installation and maintenance of the PV system, among others. Additionally, an improvement is made to the LCOE calculation composition, where the investment in replacing inverters is planned within 10 to 20 years of the system's implementation. The presented conceptual proposition proves to be efficient and can also be adapted to other types of generation sources, as well as to other countries, provided that it is adapted to the realities of local laws.