Aspectos epidemiológicos da leishmaniose visceral no Brasil de 2001 a 2011, no estado do Ceará de 2007 a 2011 e perfil da adenosina desaminase em pacientes acometidos pela doença

Abstract

Introduction: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania and transmitted by sandflies. Brazil is one of the most important endemic areas for the disease, being necessary monitoring of the occurrence of the disease through active epidemiological surveillance. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is an enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of adenosine to produce inosine and ammonia. In humans, it is present as two isoenzymes and three isoforms (ADA1, ADA2 and ADA1-CD26) and is pivotal to immune system function, since ADA1’s genetic deficiency causes a severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), as well as HIV is able to promote a decrease in the count of T lymphocytes via interaction with ADA1-CD26. Objectives: To describe the epidemiology of VL in Brazil (2001-2011) and Ceará (2007-2011); and the ADA activity in patients suffering from VL. Methods: We conducted an observational descriptive study of VL in Brazil and in the state of Ceará using secondary data provided by SINAN/MS, being categorized the transmission areas, age, sex and education of cases, incidence, prevalence and evolution of disease, co-infection HIV-VL and cases among pregnant women. The ADA and its isoenzymes were determined in plasma of patients suffering from LV using the method of Giusti, EHNA and electrophoresis. The cutoff values for the ADA were determined using the ROC curve. Results: VL is endemic in Brazil and is present in 26 of 27 states, with an annual average of ~ 3,600 cases, incidence of ~1.79 cases/100.000 inhabitants and prevalence of ~1.96 cases/100.000 inhabitants. In Ceará, it is present in ~88 % of the municipalities, with an annual average of ~ 600 cases, incidence of 6.1 cases/100.000 inhabitants and prevalence of 7.1 cases/100.000 inhabitants. The ADA activity is significantly increased in LV, with an average activity of 106.8 ± 4.5 U / L (vs. control 21.1 ± 0.6 U / L). This increase occurs with both isoenzymes, but the ADA2 is the major isoenzyme present in patients suffering from LV, with a cutoff value of 47.6 U / L for total ADA activity and 29.6 U/L for ADA2 activity, using adenosine. Conclusion: LV is an endemic disease present in all Brazilian states, with the exception of Acre. The states of Ceará, Maranhão and Minas Gerais had the highest number of cases and the state of Tocantins a higher incidence and prevalence. Ceará is an endemic area for VL and the city of Fortaleza is the municipality that the highest number of cases in the country. ADA can be used as a marker of the inflammatory response in VL, and the determination of isoenzyme ADA2 can be used to evaluate the activation or participation of monocytes and macrophages in the infectious process.