Projeto e implementação de um veículo robótico de baixo custo

Abstract

Mobile robotics and the Internet of Things (IoT) drive significant technological innovations; however, the high acquisition cost of commercial development kits limits the democratization of access to these tools. In this context, this work presents the design and implementation of a low-cost differential drive (4WD) mobile robotic platform, based on the ESP32 microcontroller. The adopted methodology followed the complete engineering cycle, ranging from hardware schematic modeling and component selection to the manufacturing and physical integration of mechanical and electronic systems. The firmware development, carried out in C++ language, integrated an embedded web server for teleoperation via Wi-Fi network and algorithms for ultrasonic sensor reading to execute reactive autonomous navigation. The results obtained in practical trials validated the robustness of the proposed architecture, demonstrating low latency in remote control and effectiveness in obstacle detection and avoidance logic. The economic analysis revealed a final prototype cost lower than R$ 330.00, representing savings of over 90% compared to equivalent proprietary solutions. It is concluded that the developed platform meets performance and accessibility requirements, consolidating itself as a viable modular and open base for robotics and automation applications.