Cuidados de enfermagem na prevenção de lesão por pressão em pessoas idosas: uma revisão integrativa da literatura

Abstract

Pressure injury is damage to the skin and/or underlying soft tissues, usually over a bony prominence or related to the use of a medical device or other artifact. In this perspective, nursing plays a key role in adopting preventive measures based on guidelines for clinical practice, an issue that is relevant in the care of older adults in various settings. The present study aims to investigate the literature on nursing care in the prevention of pressure injuries in older adults. This is an integrative review, based on six stages, derived from a study by the Institutional Program for Scientific Initiation Scholarships (PIBIC). The searches were conducted in the following databases: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE); Nursing Database (BDENF); Web of Science; Scopus; Epistemonikos. The search strategy was defined using the PICo approach. Studies investigating nursing care in the prevention of pressure injuries in older adults were included, with no restrictions on language or year of publication. Theses, dissertations, letters, conference proceedings, and duplicate studies were excluded. Rayyan software was used to assist in the identification and selection of studies, and a customized data collection instrument was adopted for data categorization. Thus, the final sample consisted of 12 articles. Regarding the profile of the included studies, the most frequent countries were Finland and Brazil, the year with the highest concentration of studies was 2019, in relation to the methodological design, systematic reviews predominated, and in relation to the care setting, the hospital environment prevailed. Regarding the nursing care found, repositioning and the use of surfaces/devices for pressure relief were present in all studies. However, care with nutritional management, regular skin assessment and inspection, skin and bone prominence protection, risk assessment, moisture and incontinence control strategies, documentation and recording of practices, skin hydration, counseling, health education, self-care, and temperature control. In summary, these findings reinforce the importance of nursing care in the prevention of pressure injuries in older adults, highlighting the need for scientific evidence directed at the clinical context.