Uma compreensão crítica do conceito de fascismo: reflexões contemporâneas à luz do pensamento de Theodor W. Adorno

Abstract

This research investigates the concept of fascism in the work of Theodor W. Adorno and elaborates the current reading of the concept, promoting an analysis of Adorno's understanding of fascism in the light of Brazilian reality, in dialogue with the philosopher Marcia Tiburi. In the wake of the major events that mark the beginning of the 21st century, widespread democratic crises and recessions stand out in contemporary societies. The first two decades of the century were marked by capitalist crises, a neoliberal avalanche, protests and rebellions around the world, culminating in large mass movements and democratic setbacks, favoring far-right, authoritarian and anti-democratic discourses. Amid complex socio-cultural and political dynamics, we witness the reappearance of fascist movements on a global scale, including in Brazil, contradicting the idea that the phenomenon was restricted to the past. Methodologically, the study takes the form of a theoretical and bibliographic research, using the Primacy of the Object and the method of the Constellation of Adorno for mapping, analysis and elaboration of discussions, under the bias of Critical Theory. As a result, we arrive at six conceptual constellations of fascism in Adorno, namely: constellation 1 - The existence of emotional projectism in fascism; constellation 2 - Fascism is the "us versus them" movement; Propaganda is the political substance of fascism; Constellation 4 - Fascism as Dehumanization and Destruction; Constellation 5 - Fascism with farce and unreality and Constellation 6 - Fascism as a lasting threat that adapts periodically. In this aspect, the multiplicity and conceptual faces of fascism found in the light of Adornian assumptions reveal its consistency and its ideology invariably rooted in the Brazilian reality. Without losing sight of the historical character, we approach the concept of fascism in a dialectical and material way, articulating it with the objective reality of Brazil in the last decade, concluding that fascism is a broad, complex and dense phenomenon, at the same time immersed in an ambivalence of hatred and denial of self and of the other. Finally, what prevails is that fascism, far from being a static and self-given phenomenon, continues to coexist in the midst of democracies, corroding them from within, without ever disappearing completely. Therefore, our ethical-political commitment is based on the task of working on the recurrent exercise of not allowing its oblivion and on its objective combat. In denouncing what cannot be repeated or, in Adorno's words, "so that Auschwitz does not repeat itself."