Disseminação e potenciais riscos da Necrose Hepatopancreática Aguda (Ahpnd) para carcinicultura, uma revisão

Abstract

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), also known as the Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS), is an emerging disease that has been causing major losses in the shrimp industry. The bacterial species Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the main causative agent of AHPND, however, studies have shown that other species of Vibrio spp. have been presenting themselves as precursors of the disease. This review aims to provide an overview of the emergence, spread and impacts of the disease on shrimp farming. The first outbreaks occurred in shrimp cultivation Litopenaeus vannamei and Penaeus monodon in Asian countries. However, the disease has also been reported on farms in Mexico and suspected, unconfirmed cases have been observed on farms in countries in South America. It is estimated that between 2010 and 2016 the economic losses caused by AHPND were approximately US $ 40 billion, showing the importance of understanding the disease for shrimp farming. Mortalities occur in the first 30 days of culture and are caused by strains of bacteria that carry a plasmid that produces a binary toxin (PirAB) that is produced in the animal's hepatopancreas. In an attempt to prevent outbreaks in farming environments, early diagnosis should be made, such as observation of animal behavior and clinical indicators, histological analysis, and the use of molecular techniques, such as PCR. In case of a positive result for AHPND, it is necessary to notify the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and quarantine the affected environment for the application of methods of disposal and disinfection. In addition, it is necessary to make structural and management changes to increase the biosafety of the crop. The implementation of good management practices, the use of probiotics, immunostimulants and the use of phage therapy, have been showing the best survival results after challenges with V. parahaemolyticus that causes AHPND. For regions not yet affected, such as Brazil, it is important to carry out preventive investigations of the bacterial community in nurseries and coastal ecosystems. In addition, with the knowledge of the recommended management for AHPND, it is possible to assume that the spread and impacts caused by the disease can be prevented.