A década inclusiva (2001 – 2011): análise sobre a redução da pobreza e desigualdade social

Abstract

The overcoming of poverty is an indispensable factor for the development and appreciation of humanity, poverty is not restricted only to poor or developing countries, it is present in all societies. The present work deals with the relationship between the poor and society, and the different conceptions about the concept of poverty, also analyzed the period from 2001 to 2011 known as "The Inclusive Decade", for this, was used data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), of the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) and a statement issued by Ipea that suggests great advances in the fight against poverty and reduction of social inequality. The relationship between the poor and society has undergone several changes over time. In the Middle Ages, the poor once seen as an integral part of society, especially because of Christian ideology, had, after the consolidation of capitalism and the Industrial Revolution, a growing loss of protection, leading to a process of marginalization and exclusion of the poor from the society. The concept of poverty is complex because of its subjectivity, it is commonly associated within a monetary perspective, that is, measured by income or consumption levels, whether relative or absolute. Already poverty understood as a process of social exclusion is based on the fact that deprivations to essential services induce individuals to a poor life. Based on the IBGE Census in 2010, it can be seen that 16.2 million people live in extreme poverty in Brazil, and the Northeast region is home to the largest number of extremely poor, corresponding to approximately 60% of the people in that situation . The study of these data allowed us to establish reflections and conclusions about the distribution of the extremely poor by region, color or race, by sex, and by the distribution of the extremely poor without education. The work also covers Brazil's international commitment to the United Nations (UN). In this event, called the Millennium Declaration, Brazil committed itself to halving the level of extreme poverty observed in 1990 and halving the proportion of people who are hungry. These objectives were achieved, largely due to the good macroeconomic scenario experienced by Brazil in this period, by the growth of total income and labor income coupled with the expansion of formal employment and by the policies of income transfers, especially the Bolsa Família Program (PBF). Due to the results achieved between 2001 and 2011, such as the reduction of extreme poverty, reduction of inequality and the increase of income of the less favored classes, the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA) called this period the Inclusive Decade.