Manifestações bucais relacionadas à síndrome congênita do Zika vírus: revisão de literatura

Abstract

Zika Virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus, transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Its contagion occurs directly through mosquito bites or through vertical transmission, through sex, blood transfusion or exposure in the laboratory. Its transmission occurs predominantly in subtropical and tropical areas. This explains what about ZIKV started in 2014, which quickly spread to the countries of the Pacific and South America. In the years of 2015 and 2016, ZIKV was already widespread in a large part of the country, especially in the Northeast region. However, the record of the virus in the country only drew attention from the second half of 2015, after the birth of lactating babies with microcephaly. According to current studies, the virus has neurotropism and this discovery led to hypotheses that other tissues with similar embryological origin also undergo changes, such as oral tissues. Thus, the objective of this work is to explain, through a literature review, how oral manifestations related to the Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome (SCZV), in addition to, with the need for dental follow-up, to facilitate the prevention, promotion and rehabilitation of the health of these patients. To this end, a literature review was carried out searching for texts between 2016 and 2021, in the PubMed and Capes Periodicals databases, using the following descriptors, combined in pairs: “Zika vírus”, “microcefalia” and “manifestações bucais”, as well as the respective terms in English: “Zika virus”, “microcephaly” and “oral manifestations”. A total of 765 articles were found and, after reading the titles and applying the inclusion criteria, considering publications from the years 2016 to 2021, in Portuguese and English and that explored oral manifestations in children who suffered fetal exposure to ZIKV, a total of 50 articles. Abstracts were read and duplications were disregarded, totaling 43 articles that were read in full. Furthermore, two brochures from the Ministry of Health were included. Articles that did not follow the proposed theme were excluded. Thus, due to the high rate of children with possible oral manifestations after maternal ZIKV infection, such as changes in the chronology and sequence of tooth eruption, enamel hypoplasia and anatomical changes, it is likely that these changes also characterize an SCZV. It is extremely important that the chosen dental surgeons are able to provide excellent care and consequently improve the quality of life of these patients.