Mobilização de reservas endospérmicas de pinhão-manso durante a germinação e desenvolvimento da plântula sob condições de estresse salino

Abstract

Jatropha curcas L. is an oilseed species belonged to Euphorbiaceae family, whose seeds are recognized as promising source for biodiesel production. Its ability to survive in adverse conditions, such as water stress and poor nutritional soil, is noteworthy, which favors its cultivation in arid and semiarid regions. Here we evaluate the negative effects promoted by NaCl salt stress on seed germination, reserve mobilization of J. curcas through biochemical, physiological and ultrastructural analysis. The seed germination parameters were significantly affected by salt stress, being observed that the main parameters affected were germination percentage and germination speed index. Similarly, the embryo and endosperm dry mass were reduced by Na+ and Cl- increase in the medium. Considering the reserve compounds, the most abundant reserve of these seeds were the lipids, which corresponded to 64.0% of endosperm seed quiescent dry mass. They showed a stronger delay in reserve mobilization under saline conditions. Proteins were the second most important reserve (21.3%), being severally affected by salinity. The starch was detected in little amount (5.5% of quiescent seed dry mass), however there was a transient increase in this contents at 5 DAI (days after imbibition), which was correlated to the intense lipid mobilization, in control conditions. On the other hand, in salinity, it was observed that starch mobilization was reduced. The seed reserve products (mainly non-reducing sugars and free amino acids) were increased in endosperm in control in relation to quiescent seed, during germination, whereas for salt conditions, these products were few changed. Additionally, cytochemical and ultrastructural analyses confirmed the large amount of protein and lipid bodies in endosperm cells, reaching the identification of a huge amount of protein and lipid bodies. Salt stress promoted morphological and ultrastructural changes in endospermic cells, during germination and seedling development confirming the biochemical analyses. The present study also evaluated the lipid metabolism, using the fatty acid composition analysis and enzymatic and expression genic analyses for lipase, isocitrate liase, malate sintase. The unsaturated fatty acids were the most abundant, highlighting oleic (C18:1) and linoleic-linolenic (C18:2; C18:3), showing increase in their contents, in control conditions, during the evaluated period. However, the fatty acids practically were not changed in salinity conditions. Lipase showed increase in their activity during germination, which corresponded to intense mobilization in lipids in control. In similar way, the reduction of this activity happened in salinity, correlating to lipid delay mobilization. The evident delay of protein and oil body mobilization could strongly affect initial seedling development. The liase isocitrate activity did not show significant differences between treatments until 96 hours after imbibition (HAI), however, following this period, it was verified the strongest reduction in salt stress condition. The activity of malate synthase was not significantly higher in control conditions until 144 HAI, however, following this period, this activity was higher in salinity. It were verified reductions in enzymatic activity due to salt stress, which were correlated to gene expression changes of lipase and isocitrate lyase. Therefore, salinity contributed negatively to lipid mobilization, the main reserve of J. curcas seeds, which was correlated to reduction in activity of the enzymes involved in lipid metabolism.