Características morfogênicas e estruturais, produção e composição bromatológica de gramíneas forrageiras sob irrigação e adubação

Abstract

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of different irrigation and doses of nitrogen on the morphogenetic and structural characteristics, forage production and bromatologic composition of Andropogon gayanus var. Planaltina and Brachiaria brizantha var. Marandu. The study was conducted from August to December 2007 on Unit Research of EMBRAPA Meio-Norte, located in city of Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil. The treatments consisted of two irrigation levels (with a equivalent level to replacement of 50% and 80% of evaporation of the Class A pan - ECA) and four doses of nitrogen (equivalent to 200, 400, 600 and 800 N/ha x year), in a completely randomized block design in a 2 x 4 factorial design with three replications. The plots measuring 3 m x 8 m, and made a cut of uniformity (in August) and four cuts to collect data every 30 days, at 20 cm the soil. In general, in grass Andropogon and Marandu, the reduction of the irrigation level, provides decreases in leaf elongation and stem elongation rate, leaf appearance and final leaf length, whereas, leaf senescence rate increases and duration of life of leaf little is affected. Leaf senescence rate of grass tended to increase ahead of the lesser water availability of the ground. The nitrogen fertilization increases the rates of elongation e leaf and stem, leaf appearance and final length of the leaf. However, it tends to reduce the number it and the duration of life of the leaf, and to extend rate senescence. The applied irrigation levels presented similar behaviors in relationship of productivity of total dry matter and of leaves. Though the level of 80% of ECA provided the largest heights of plants and smaller relation leaf/stem ratio. The largest irrigation level promoted increases of the production of stem, even so it didn't affect the production of leaves. In general the nitrogen fertilization influenced the productivity of total dry matter positively, of leaves and stem, however, it decreased the efficiency of use of the nitrogen and relation leaf/stem ratio. Increasing doses of nitrogen reduces the dry matter at the same time as the irrigation level of 80% decreasing these values, both for the leaf and to stem fraction. The irrigation level of 80% decreases the crude protein 18 contents, both for the leaf and to stem at the same time it increases the levels of ADF both for the leaf and to stem. The irrigation levels didn't affect the content of dry matter of the Andropogon grass. The largest irrigation level (80% of ECA) it promoted expressive reduction of the level of DM of the leaf of the Marandu grass and the stem of both grasses. The fertilization nitrogen didn't affect the texts of DM of the Andropogon grass. Though, in the leaves of the Marandu grass the content of DM decreased inversely in way proportional at the levels of applied nitrogen. The contents protein of the researched grasses was not influenced by the applied irrigation levels. The fertilization nitrogen increased the contents of protein of the leaves lineally and stems, and the largest texts were obtained with the applications of 600 and 800 kg the N/ha x year. The interaction fertilization nitrogen x irrigation levels increased the contents of NDF of the leaves of the Andropogon grass. The use of the largest level (80% of ECA) it promoted increments in the contents of NDF of the studied grasses. Though, the contents of NDF went inversely proportional at the fertilization levels. The contents of ADF suffered it influences negative of the largest irrigation level. The doses of fertilization nitrogen promoted decreases in the levels of FDA. In general, the fertilization nitrogen improvement in the nutritious value of Marandu grass.