Estudo da imobilização de lipase de Rhizomucor miehei em organo-gel para aplicação em síntese orgânica

Abstract

Lipases, triacylglycerol ester hydrolases EC 3.1.1.3, are enzymes that act on ester bonds of triacylglycerols, releasing organic acids and glycerol. May in microaquosas conditions, catalyze the reverse reaction. A limitation of using these enzymes in industrial processes is the lack of operational stability and the inability to re-use the free form. The use of organo-gels system is an alternative for the immobilization of enzymes and to their use in enzyme catalysis in organic media. In this system the enzyme is located in the micelle center (aqueous center) of the organo-gel, eliminating problems such as stabilizing the enzyme against inactivation by a non-aqueous solvent. The aim of this work was immobilize lipases from Rhizomucor miehei into organo - gels based on polymers for future application in ethyl esters synthesis through esterification of raw materials with high free fatty acids content. Supports were obtained using different combinations of components. It was used gelatin polymers (Gel), alginate (Alg) and / or chitosan (Chi), organic phases such as hexane (Hex) and heptane (Hep) and surfactants sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or acetylmetylamonium bromide (CTABr). In the first step, derivatives were produced with and without glutaraldehyde 2% (v/v) activation. Enzymatic activity was measured by hydrolysis of p – nitrophenyl butyrate (PNPb). Biocatalysts were characterized as: stability at 60 ° C and compared to free enzyme, immobilization efficiency and yield factor, thus determining the best biocatalysts. Among the catalysts obtained, (Gel/SDS/Hex) showed the best efficiency of 4.1% , 30 –fold more stable; (Alg/SDS/Hep) with 6.0% efficiency , 1.3 –fold more stable and (Qui/SDS/Hep) with efficiency of 1.0 % , 1.3 –fold more stable than free lipase. Obtained supports activated with glutaraldehyde 2 % (v/v) showed lower activities and efficiencies, in despite of having good values for stability factor. Produced derivatives using surfactant CTABr presented low activity, efficiency and stability factor. In the second step, derivatives were analyzed as maximum load (50 U.g-1 a 500 U.g-1) enzyme immobilization and efficiency at 15 ° C and 25 ° C. It was evaluated biocatalysts application in ethyl oleate achievement in an esterification reaction, using oleic acid and ethanol, by varying molar ratio acid / alcohol with and without using of desiccant agent (zeolite) at 37 ° C and 24 h of reaction. Derivatives were submitted storage stability under 10 ° C studies, for a period of 100 days. All derivatives showed higher efficiencies using an initial enzyme loading of 50 U.g -1, with values of 4.2% and 4.8% (Gel/SDS/Hex), 2.0 % and 2.3 % (Alg/SDS/ Hep) and 0.9 % to 1.1% (Qui/SDS/Hep) at 15 ° C and 25 ° C, respectively. In esterification reactions, Gel/SDS/Hex and Alg/SDS/Hep derivatives showed higher conversions 72.9 % and 16.9 %, respectively, with molar acid / alcohol 1:10. The chemical derivative Qui/SDS/Hep presented 80.0 % conversion with molar acid / alcohol 1:1 ratio. Using zeolites, Gel/SDS/Hex conversion increased to 79.0 % using ratios of 1:1 and 1:5, the Alg/SDS/Hep and Qui/SDS/Hep presented a decreasing in conversions. During 100 days of storage at 10 ° C, Gel/SDS/Hex and Qui/SDS/Hep hydrolytic activity maintained up to 40 days and a decreasing during this period, however, Alg/SDS/ Hep achieved more than 60 days with activity.