Sintomas dispépticos e retardo no esvaziamento gástrico de sólidos em pacientes com diagnóstico de doença renal crônica : repercussão da hipervolemia e impacto na qualidade de vida

Abstract

Introduction. The most common non-renal complaint in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients are gastrointestinal disorders. The causes for these disorders are multi-factorial. Dyspepsia is very common among patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). Some of these symptoms are closely linked to delayed gastric emptying. Experimental studies demonstrated that volume overload increases gastric emptying time, and the impact of dyspeptic symptoms on patients’ quality of life (QOL) is not well-established. Objective. To assess the association of dyspepsia with delayed gastric emptying (GE) and QOL, and of hypervolemia with dyspepsia and delayed gastric emptying (GE) in ESRD patients under HD. Methods. The study was performed in the only renal unit in the northern part of Ceará state, northeast Brazil. The sample comprised 50 patients. In order to evaluate dyspepsia we administered the Porto Alegre dyspeptic symptoms questionnaire (PADYQ). GE was assessed by the octanoic acid breath test using 13carbon in order to calculate tlag and t1/2. We carried out a satiety drinking test using continuous intake of caloric liquid meal (15ml/min). QOL was evaluated by “The Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Questionnaire” (SF-36). Extracellular fluid excess was estimated by weight pre-breath test/dry-weight ratio in the moment breath test was performed. The association of dyspepsia with GE and QOL was tested by the correlation of PADYQ scores with tlag, t1/2 and SF-36 scores, and by the comparison of the mean tlag, t1/2 and SF-36 scores between dyspeptic (PADYQ score ≥ 6) and non-dyspeptics (<6). The association of hypervolemia with GE and dyspepsia was tested by the correlation of extracellular fluid excess with tlag, t1/2 and PADYQ scores, and by the comparison of mean tlag, t1/2 and PADYQ scores according to the percentage of extracellular fluid excess (≤ 15% versus >15%). Results. There were 34 (68.0%) dyspeptic patients. Thirty patients (60.0%) presented delayed gastric emptying assessed by t1/2 and 18 (36.0%) by tlag. Dyspepsia score was positively correlated with t1/2 (r=0.366; p=0.01). Dyspeptics had longer gastric emptying time assessed by t1/2 (238.0 ± 92.9 min vs. 185.5 ± 45.5 min; p=0.04). Satiety drinking test was not associated with dyspepsia, tlag and t1/2. Hyper hydrated patients presented GE longer times, tlag (p<0,01) and t1/2 (p<0,05), when compared to those with excess extracellular fluid ≤ 15%. Four dimensions of QOL scores were lower among dyspeptic patients: bodily pain (53.3 vs. 73.3; p=0.04), vitality (53.8 vs. 71.8; p=0.01), social functioning (62.4 vs. 81.3; p<0.05) and mental health (66.5 vs. 79.7; p=0.01). Dyspepsia scores were negatively correlated with six dimensions of QOL: physical functioning (r=-0.40; p=0.01), bodily pain (r=-0.42; p<0.01), vitality (r=-0.52; p<0.01), social functioning (r=-0.34; p=0.03), role-emotional (r=-0.34; p=0.03), and mental health (r=-0.35; p=0.02). In the multivariate model, dyspepsia scores were independent predictors of six of the eight QOL dimensions, except general health and vitality. Conclusions. Delayed gastric emptying assessed by t1/2 must be seen as a possible factor provoking dyspepsia among HD patients. These results showed dyspepsia as strongly associated with a lower level of QOL.