Sensores e Biossensores Eletroquímicos: Ferramentas Versáteis para a Determinação de Contaminantes Ambientais.

Abstract

The present work emphasized the use of electrochemical sensors and biosensors for the determination of endosulfan (EDS, organochlorine), thiabendazole (TBZ, benzimidazole) and formetanate hydrochloride (FMT, carbamate) pesticides in sugar cane, tomato, mango, grape and natural waters samples. Furthermore, insights of redox mechanistic of EDS, TBZ and FMT pesticide were also presented. The hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE), boron-doped diamond electrode (BDDE) and cobalt phthalocyanine with functionalyzed multi-walled carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode (Naf.0.5%-PcCo-fMWCNT/GCE) sensors were used. For biossensors, Laccase enzyme (Lac) was imobilized via cross-linking onto a gold electrode previously modified with gold nanoparticles (Glu.2%-Lac-AuNp/Au) and onto a PcCo-fMWCNT modified electrode (Glu.2%-Lac/Naf.0.5%-PcCo-fMWCNT/GCE). EDS was reduced by quase-reversible process. TBC was oxidized by an irreversible process on a BDDE and Naf.0.5%-PcCo-fMWCNT/GCE. The electrochemical response of FMT on a BDDE showed the irreversible oxidation mechanism of the type chemical-electrochemical. However, the electrochemical-chemical-electrochemical mechanism was observed for FMT at Naf.0.5%-PcCo-fMWCNT/GCE with four oxidation process (one irreversible, two quase-reversible and one reversible processes). The detection limits (DL) and quantification limits (QL) calculated values were: DL = 0.121 mg kg–1 and QL = 0.406 mg kg–1 (EDS at HMDE), DL= 0.074 mg kg–1 and QL = 0.247 mg kg–1 (EDS at Glu.2%-Lac/Naf.0.5%-PcCo-fMWCNT/GCE), DL = 0.052 mg kg–1 and QL = 0.177 mg kg–1 (TBZ at BDDE), DL = 0.019 mg kg–1 and QL = 0.064 mg kg–1 (TBZ at Naf.0.5%-PcCo-fMWCNT/GCE), DL = 0.094 mg kg–1 and QL = 0.311 mg kg–1 (TBZ at Glu.2%-Lac/Naf.0.5%-PcCo-fMWCNT/GCE), DL = 0.094 mg kg–1 and QL = 0.314 mg kg–1 (FMT at BDDE), DL = 0.025 mg kg–1 and QL = 0.083 mg kg–1 (FMT at Naf.0.5%-PcCo-fMWCNT/GCE), DL = 0.088 mg kg–1 and QL = 0.299 mg kg–1 (FMT at Glu.2%-Lac-AuNp/Au). These values are according to maximum residue limits established by National Health Surveillance Agency for EDS, TBZ and FMT pesticides (0.01 a 10.0 mg kg–1). The calculated recovery percentages varied from 70.89 to 117.32% with relative standard desviation from 0.18 to 7.58%. Thus, electrochemical sensors and biosensors can be considered as an alternative tool for pesticides determination in foods and environmental matrices.