Fatores de risco para o câncer de mama em mulheres jovens: uma revisão integrativa da literatura

Abstract

Introduction: In Brazil, female breast cancer is the second most prevalent cancer in all regions, and although it is a disease prevalent in women over 50, the incidence under 40 is increasing, with rates between 4% and 5%. In view of the above, public health has seen the need to know the risk factors for this population, given that these women do not fit the criteria for screening in our country. Objective: To assess the risk factors for breast cancer in young women. Methodology: This is an integrative literature review carried out in September 2023. We selected complete studies in Portuguese, English and Spanish from the last 10 years that addressed breast cancer in women under the age of 40, from the MEDLINE, LILACS and BDENF databases. Studies dealing with breast cancer concomitant with other diseases were excluded due to the difficulty in assessing risk factors. Two reviewers independently read the articles using Rayyan software. The selected articles were organized and presented in table format and the interpretation of the results in categories. Results: The final sample of this review resulted in sixteen articles that pointed out modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors related to the disease in the young age group. The majority of the studies included were carried out in the United States, followed by the United Kingdom, Iran, China, the Netherlands, India, Argentina, Morocco, Brazil, Costa Rica, Mexico and Chile. The highest levels of evidence were levels IV and VI respectively, according to the pyramid of evidence proposed by Melnyk and Fineout-Overholts. Conclusion: The majority of non-modifiable risk factors were genetic polymorphisms. Among the modifiable factors, reproductive factors, lifestyle habits and diet were the main ones. Due to the variety of risk factors depending on the characteristics of the population, there is a need for more in-depth studies on the subject, so that health professionals can gain assertive knowledge about these factors and consequently improve health care.