Comércio internacional: uma critica à teoria das vantagens comparativas utilizando a abordagem histórica e documental

Abstract

This work reviews the concept of comparative advantages of David Ricardo and conducts a criticism, through a literature review, using the thinking of Friedrich List. Historical cases are raised that prove that currently developed countries used protectionist techniques in their early stages of development, proven by the historical and documentary approach brought by Ha-Joon Chang and Erik S. Reinert. This update of the criticism to the historical application of free market ideas, through the more mainstream models, reveals that the “good policies” booklet prevents other countries from reaching the level occupied today by the developed ones. Through this criticism, the work tries to reinforce the existence of an alternative route to the traditional one in the study strategy used today, revisiting the method of historical approach, which served as the basis for the German historical school and influenced so many economists of the 19th and 20th centuries. Mariana Mazzucato's concept of the Entrepreneurial State is presented as a solution to the end of the public vs. public duality. private sector and raising the possibility of a development path linking Keynesian and Schumpeterian thoughts. Finally, the case of Brazil, from the 1980s to the present, is presented.