O papel da via WNT canônica na perda óssea periodontal: uma revisão sistemática

Abstract

Introduction: Periodontitis is characterized by a chronic inflammation initiated by bacteria that reach the periodontal tissues, causing the destruction of the periodontium. The RANKRANKL-OPG pathway participates in bone remodeling, however it was observed that the WNT pathway stimulates the release of osteogenic promoters and may help in alveolar bone regeneration. The objective of this research was to carry out a systematic review of the scientific literature, seeking to elucidate the participation of the WNT pathway in the reduction of bone loss through its activation. Materials and methods: Two reviewers performed the search, blindly, through the combination of terms: (“Signal WNT” OR “Canonical WNT Pathway” OR “WNT beta Catenin Signaling Pathway” OR “WNT Signaling Pathway” OR “WNT Pathway ”) AND (Periodontitis) AND (“Animal Model”), targeted searches by selection criteria (PICO) in five main databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science) and in two databases gray literature (Google Scholar and Open Grey), in addition to manual search. The Rayyan tool was used to plot the bibliographic searches and select the articles for full reading according to the title and abstract. To analyze the risk of bias, the SYRCLE RoB tool was used, which is adapted for animal studies. Results: Six studies were included for the systematic review. All studies analyzed are animal experiments and evaluated histological, immunohistochemical and morphometric aspects of the alveolar bone. In the control groups, a decrease in the components of the WNT pathway was observed and it was found that the suppression of this signal occurs in the pathophysiology of periodontitis. The groups treated with interventions to activate the WNT pathway demonstrated regeneration and/or reduction in alveolar bone loss, mainly when observing the decrease in osteoclasts and increase in bone volume during disease progression. Conclusion: Activation of the WNT pathway, either by using agonists or blocking the pathway inhibitors, allows the expression of genes that promote osteogenesis in animals submitted to experimental periodontitis, being a possible adjuvant treatment of this disease in humans after further studies related to this disease. signaling.