Lâminas de irrigação, doses e formas de aplicação de nitrogênio e de potássio na cultura da abobrinha

Abstract

Aimed to evaluate: the effects of irrigation levels and nitrogen and potassium applied conventionally and fertigation on zucchini. The experiments were conducted in the experimental area of the Meteorological Station of the Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará. The irrigation system used in the conduct of experiments was dripping type. The design used in Experiment I (Blades irrigation) was a randomized block design with six treatments and four replications. The treatments were: 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180% of the reference evapotranspiration (ETo, mm day-1) based on Penman-Monteith ETo. For Experiments II and III (doses and forms of nitrogen application and potassium, respectively) the experimental design was a randomized block design with four replications, in a factorial design (4x2). The treatments were: TF0 and TC0 = Control (without application of the nutrient); TF50 = 50% of the recommended dose applied by fertigation; TC50 = 50% of the recommended dose applied in a conventional manner; TF100 = 100% of the recommended dose applied by fertigation; TC100 = 100% of the recommended dose applied in a conventional manner; TF200 = 200% of the recommended dose applied by fertigation and TC200 = 200% of the recommended dose applied conventionally. Plants were harvested at 35 DAP and was completed after 66 DAP. The following variables were analyzed: fruit mass (FM), number of fruits (NF), fruit length (FL), fruit diameter (FD), pulp thickness (PT), soluble solids (SS) and productivity (PROD), assessing water use efficiency (WUE), nitrogen (NUE) and potassium (KUE). Also, the economic analysis using indicators was taken: net present value (NPV); internal rate of return (IRR) and period "payback" (PP). It was also performed the NAV calculation for each month of the year. In experiment I, the different blades statistically influenced the FM, NF and the PROD zucchini, being quadratic polynomial behavior for the three variables with the estimated maximum productivity in 24,808 kg ha-1, with the blade of 567 mm corresponding to 159% of ETo Penman-Monteith. In Experiment II, there was no significant effect with fertilization methods. Already, the nitrogen levels significantly influenced the FM, FD and PROD, and the FM and FD presented quadratic polynomial behavior while PROD had better fit for the growing linear regression, with the highest value estimated at 27,302 kg ha-1, the highest dose tested (280 kg ha-1 N). The interaction between the forms of fertilization and N rates was only observed for the FM variable. In Experiment III, did not show any significant effect of fertilization methods. The potassium levels significantly influenced the FM, FD, PT and PROD. For FM, there was a quadratic response, while for the other variables the linear adjustment was growing, most PROD being estimated at 36,828 kg ha-1 on the higher dose of potassium applied (300 kg ha-1). The interaction between the application forms and the potassium levels was not significant variables evaluated. The WUE decreased linearly with increasing applied blade, with the highest value of 64 kg mm-1, for 30% of ETo. Already, at doses of nutrients tested, the efficiency increased linearly with increasing nitrogen and potassium dosage. The highest efficiency was obtained with the highest dose tested of N and K2O, 68 mm-1 kg ha-1 at a dose of 280 kg ha-1 of N and 92 kg ha-1 mm-1 with K2O 300 kg ha-1 K2O. NUE and KUE have quadratic behavior. The dose of 160 kg ha-1 N provided the maximum NUE (55 kg ha-1 / kg ha-1). For potassium, the dose of 174 kg ha-1 K2O provided the highest KUE (87.41 kg ha-1 / kg ha-1). The economic analysis indicated that irrigation with 30% of ETo Penman-Monteith (186 mm) is uneconomical for the producer, and the other treatments of irrigation levels and nitrogen and potassium economically viable. The months of May, April, December and November had the highest NPV values.