Complexos Fosfínicos de Rutênio: Síntese, Caracterização, Imobilização e Atividade Catalítica

Abstract

The results presented in this thesis involve the synthesis of coordination compounds containing phosphine ligands and redox active (non-innocent ligands) in the ruthenium coordination sphere. This work is part of a research line of Bioinorganic Group research aimed, as the ultimate goal, the application of the isolated compounds in catalysis of hydrogenation reactions. During the development of PhD activities, from March 2010 to January 2015, six compounds (06) unpublished in the literature were synthesized; one of which being classified as a precursor complex, [RuIICl2(binap)(PPh3)], where binap = 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphine)-1,1′-dinaphthalene. All of these complexes were characterized by means of phosphorous nuclear resonance magnetic (RMN 31P{1H}), elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy and electronic spectroscopy in the ultraviolet and visible regions. Despite several attempts to produce crystals of the synthesized compounds, only the trans-[RuIICl2(dppb)(opda-Clcat)] complex, where dppb = 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphine)butane and opda-Clcat = 4-cloro-1,2-phenylenediamine, yielded suitable crystals for determination of X-ray structure. From the results obtained during the cited time, two papers were published in indexed journals ((Polyhedron 2010, 29, 3349–3354 and Polyhedron 2012, 31, 104–109) and five works were shown in national and international meetings. The RMN 31P{1H} spectra of the isolated compounds presented only one signal indicating that the phosphorous atoms lie in equivalent positions and trans in relation to the donor atoms of the non-innocent ligands. For the trans-[RuIICl2(dppb)(opda-Clcat)] complex, however, a dublet of dublet was observed and was assigned to the assimetry of the opda-Cl moiety, which was confirmed by X ray diffraction. The electronic spectroscopic data indicated the oxidized state of the o-phenylene ligands upon coordination to the metal atom thus making possible the back-bonding interaction. The catalytic activity assays were monitored by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry using the standard hydrogenation reaction of the alcohol molecule acetophenone to 1-phenyl ethanol. In addition to the complex originally presented in this thesis, [RuIICl2(binap)(PPh3)](1), trans-[RuIICl2(binap)(opda-Clcat)](2), trans-[RuIICl2(binap)(fenantq)](3), trans-[RuIICl2(PPh3)2(opdaq)](5) and trans-[RuIICl2(PPh3)2(fenantq)](6), where fenantq and opdaq are, respectively, 9,10-phenanthraquinone and 1,2-phenylenediamine, such assays were also carried out for compounds which were previously synthesized during the master course and by other researchers of the Bioinorganic Group resulting resulting in a total of twenty (20) studied catalysts. Among these complexes, two were studied in heterogeneous condition upon immobilization on hybrid spheres of silica chitosan. By accounting for all the studied conditions, the highest values of conversion (> 90%) were observed for trans-[RuIICl2(dppb)(Quinone)](10), cis-[RuIICl2(dppb)(opda-Clq)](13), trans-[RuIICl2(dppb)(tabq,cat)](15) and cis-[RuIICl2(dppb)(tabq,cat)](16), where tabq,cat = 3,3’,4,4’-tetraaminobiphenyls. The values of conversion observed for the heterogeneous systems, c.a. 60%, although lower than those calculated for the homogeneous systems under similar conditions, do not constitute a disadvantage, since separation step is no longer needed. The compounds that showed the higher conversion values in homogeneous medium feature in common the presence of non-innocent ligands in the oxidized state. This observation indicates, very probably, two synergistic effects which influence the affinity of the substrate: (i) the increase of the Lewis acidity of the metal by the oxidation of the ligand and (ii) the function of electron density reservoir of the redox active ligand that allows the metal to store (donate) electron density from (to) the ligand during the elementary steps of the catalytic cycle by preventing excessive charge density on the metal.