Estudo farmacognóstico das raízes de ipeca-da-praia (Pombalia calceolaria (L.) Paula-Souza): aspectos botânicos, químicos e farmacológicos

Abstract

Pombalia calceolaria L., Violaceae, popularly known as ipecac-the-beach, ipecabranca, ipecacunha of healers is a perennial, herbaceous predominant in the northeastern backlands. Although there are no data in the literature proving their pharmacological activity, for decades, its roots are prepared in the form of decoction, licker and maceration, the main indications are popular cough, expectoration, as anthelmintic, antidiarrheal and dentition. This study aimed to carry out the Pharmacognostic characterization of P. roots calceolaria the botanical, chemical and pharmacological aspects. The importance of morphoanatomical is the fact that there is no record in the literature describing the botanical profile of this plant species. Thus, the roots of P. recémcoletadas calceolaria were characterized morphologically with the naked eye and then held the anatomical characterization by histological section, immunohistochemical reaction photomicrographic record in clear light field, where it was shown that the root study presents the secondary xylem originating exchange with dimorphism in the size of vessels and phloem consists of few layers surrounding the xylem. In cortical parenchyma was visualized and fotomicrografado under polarized light, RESENCE inulin crystals. The phytochemical study was preceded by preliminary tests to establish the plant drug, where the quality specifications were obtained, as the determination of yield from plant drugs, residual moisture, the content of total ash, followed by phytochemical screening has resulted mainly in presence of saponins, reducing sugars and steroids. Then, the aqueous extract obtained from the decoction was divided into two samples where one was lyophilized and through the other, was obtained by precipitation in the presence of methanol, a polysaccharide with a content of 13.0% w / w, and this subjected to analysis by chromatographic techniques such as HPLC and GPC, which indicated the presence of fructose and glucose, and the molecular weight of 4.0 x 10³ Da, respectively. Subsequently, after obtaining uni- and two-dimensional NMR spectra of ¹H, ¹³C, DEPT, HSQC and 135, the chemical structure of the polysaccharide was identified as inulin. The pharmacological tests were performed on isolated rat trachea with both the polysaccharide and with the lyophilized aqueous extract of the roots of P. calceolaria (EALPC) to measure the relaxant activity on the contractility of the body. After addition of CCh 1μM to induce sustained contraction in isolated organ in vats system in test with polysaccharide there was no significant relaxation in the sustained contraction. Testing conducted EALPC was observed relaxation of contraction, which showed an effective reduction of the contractile response of EALPC of approximately 20% compared to control, featuring a mild bronchodilator activity.