Caracterização bioquímica parcial do látex de Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br. e efeito sobre a eclosão de ovos e desenvolvimento larval do mosquito transmissor da dengue

Abstract

Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae) is a well-known medicinal plant with leaves, roots and bark being exploited by popular medicine to fight many human and animal diseases. Despite, the lack of information about its biochemical content has stimulated the present study. Healthy plants of C. procera growing in the field around the beaches of Fortaleza were used as the source of fresh latex. The latex was collected in distilled water to give a dilution rate of 1:2 (v:v). The mixture was gently agitated during collection to overcome the natural coagulation effect of the material. Later in the laboratory the samples were centrifuged at 5.000 x g during 10 min at room temperature. The rubber-rich precipitate was separated and the supernatant was exhaustively dialyzed against distilled water at room temperature and recentrifuged using the conditions described above. Three distinct fractions were obtained: LP (rich in proteins); DL (rich in low molecular weight molecules) and RL (rich in poly-isoprene rubber). LP fraction constitutes 10.03 % of the dry matter of the latex while DL > 1% and RL 84.97 %. The latex possesses relevant amounts of HCO-3, Mg+2, Cl-, lower quantities of SO4-2 , NO3- , NO2-, NH4+ and P-3, while Ca+2 and Fe+2 were not detected. Proteins in LP showed molecular mass varying between 8,000 - 97,000 Da further confirmed by mass spectrometry. They are essentially basic proteins. RL and LP exhibited similar protein profile and peptides were detected in DL. LP could be fractionated in three newly fractions by ion exchange chromatography and able to bind chitin. Enzymatic activity of chitinases, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidases were detected. Glicoproteínas bearing oligomanosídic and N-acetylgalactosamine seems to be present in LP. The whole latex was shown to cause 100 % mortality of 3rd instars within five minutes. Both LP and DL fractions were partially effective to prevent egg hatching and most of individuals growing under experimental conditions died before reaching 2nd instars or stayed in 1st instars. Besides, the fractions were very toxic to 3rd instars causing 100 % mortality within 24 hs. When both fractions were submitted to heat-treatment the toxic effects of LP were strongly diminished while that of DL diminished slowly suggesting low thermostability of the toxic compounds in LP. According to the results, the latex of C. procera exhibits strong insecticide action upon St. aegypti and it is expected that proteins are at least in part involved in that an activity.