Fatores de riscos para ocorrência de úlcera nos pés em portadores de Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is at the present time one of the most important world problems of health, so much in terms of number of affected people, disability, premature mortality, as of the costs involved in your control and in the treatment of your complications (CONSENT..., 1997). Diabetic foot ulceration is the cause more common of amputations non traumatic of lower extremity in industrialized countries (ARMSTRONG et al., 1998a). Occur in 15% of the diabetic and it is responsible for 6 to 20% of the hospitalizations (ARMSTRONG et al., 1998c). This study had as objective assess the influence of the blood pressure, hemoglobin glicada, time of diabetes, BMI, height, education level and income in the ulcer incidence in the feet of diabetic mellitus, assisted among June from 1999 to January of 2002, in the clinic of the diabetic Foot in the Integrated Center of Diabetes and Hypertension of Ceará (ICDH). Two studies were accomplished between December of 2000 and January 2002. Sectional study of the 83 diabetic type 2 with ulcers in the feet (37 men and 46 women), age from 37 to 86 years, the participants were assessed with relationship to the clinical history, feet physical exam , evaluation of the vascular condition: palpation of posterior tibialis and dorsalis pedis pulses, neurologycal exam: sensory testing on each foot using Semmes Westein monofilament 5.07, vibration sensation using a 128-Hz tuning fork and sensibility to the cold verified with cold metallic object In the case-control nested study (ROTHMAN, 1986; CLAYTON; HILLS, 1993), with 83 cases and 188 controls, in the age group from 37 to 86 years, cases were individuals bearers of diabetes type 2 with ulcer in the feet. Foot ulcer was defined as an open lesion which was present below the level of the melleolus (BOULTON et al., 1986). Controls were diabetic type 2 assisted in ICDH, without history of ulcer e/ou amputation. For each index caso it was selected an or more controls matched by sex, age and admission date in ICDH. To esteem the relationship between the potentials risk factors and the incidence of foot ulcer it was used a model of conditional logistics regression. The clinical description of 83 diabetic with ulcer demonstrated that foot ulcer is more frequent in the female sex, age above 59,74 years, duration of diabetes above 11 years, low income, low education, dependent or without occupation, BMI above 25 kg/m², diabetes badly controlled, outlying peripheral neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease and diabetic retinopathy. Being analyzed the factors associated to the risk in the incidence of foot ulcer in diabetic , it is observed that: in the analysis without matched, the average of the hemoglobin glicada and the duration of the diabetes were larger significantly in the cases that in the controls, while the average of the systolic and diatolic blood pressure were smaller significantly in the cases that in the controls. In the analysis non adjusted through the conditional logistics regression the hemoglobin glicada and the largest duration of the diabetes mellitus, they were associated significant the largest chance of ulcer occurrence. For each increment of 1% in the hemoglobin glicada corresponded an increase of 20% in the chance of occurrence ulcer. In the adjusted analysis between each risk factor and the occurrence of foot ulcer the hemoglobin glicada stayed just associated to risk of ulceration, increasing the force of the association. For each increment of 1% in the hemoglobin glicada, it increased in 38% the chance of occurrence a foot ulcer.