Novos aspectos da ação de drogas antiepilépticas : efeitos antioxidantes e modulação dos sistemas colinérgico e dopaminérgico

Abstract

Levetiracetam (LEV), a new antiepileptic drug, shows efficacy in the treatment of additional seizures and in experimental models. Clonazepam (CNZP) is a benzodiazepine used to treat myoclonic seizures and generalized seizures. Melatonin (MEL), the pineal hormone, shows anticonvulsant activity in several animal models. To investigate new mechanisms related to the effects of these drugs, comparative study was conducted, from the analysis of the influence of pretreatment with LEV, CNZP or MEL on the oxidative stress and neuronal modulation of neurotransmitter systems (cholinergic and dopaminergic) during seizures induced by pilocarpine (400mg/Kg; P400). Male Swiss mice, 25-30g received LEV, 200 mg / kg, CNZP, 0.5 mg / kg or MEL, 25mg/kg, ip (doses chosen from the dose-response curves) 30min before P400. Hippocampus and striatum were removed for neurochemical analysis. In vitro experiments, where brain homogenates were incubated with drugs under study (50, 100 ou 200g/mL) also allowed us to analyze changes in oxidative stress after induction of heat shock and also the density of muscarinic receptors in the hippocampus. Studies on the muscarinic modulation demonstrated that pretreatment with LEV, CNZP or MEL resulted in lower oxotremorina induced tremors and increased acetylcholinesterase activity in the hippocampus. LEV and CNZP altered the binding of hippocampal muscarinic receptors in vivo, reversing the P400-induced downregulation and in vitro tests showed changes in hippocampal muscarinic binding by previous incubation with LEV, CNZP or MEL. The binding assays also showed a downregulation of hippocampal D2 receptors in treated animals LEV, CNZP or pretreated with MEL before P400. Analyses to investigate the antioxidant activity of LEV and CNZP and role of antioxidative action of MEL in the protection against seizures propose that the association with vitamin E increased the anticonvulsant effects of all studied drugs. The prior administration of LEV, MEL or CNZP before P400, reversed the increased levels of lipid peroxidation and nitrite-nitrate and normalized the activity of catalase and the physiological levels of the antioxidant glutathione in the hippocampus and / or striatum. According to in vitro experiments, increased lipid peroxidation, levels of nitrite-nitrate and catalase activity in brain homogenates subjected to thermal shock were significantly altered by incubation with LEV, CNZP or MEL, where these drugs were able to reduce the levels of MDA, nitrite-nitrate, and also stabilize the activity of catalase, enhancing thus the endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity and the ability to inactivate free radicals.Thus, the study suggests a modulatory action exerted by LEV, CNZP and MEL on the functioning of muscarinic and dopaminergic systems in the central nervous system as an alternative mechanism to protect against seizures in the model P400, and the participation of direct and indirect antioxidant properties of these drugs, through the ability to modify the neuronal response to oxidative stress.