Noções de geometria hiperbólica

Abstract

The emergence of hyperbolic geometry is one of the most interesting chapters in the history of mathematics. For a long time the fifth postulate of Euclid drew the attention of mathematicians, they saw the possibility of demonstrating it as a theorem, using as hypothesis the first four. The various attempts to prove the fifth postulate occupied the geometers for over 2000 years, but all failed. However these attempts were fundamental to see a new geometry as consistent as Euclid's. This work deals with the main topics of hyperbolic geometry, the historical context, the main mathematicians who contributed to its birth, some results and tests involving parallel lines, generalized triangles and their congruence criteria, seeking a simple and accessible development. In addition, it clearly presents hyperbolic trigonometry, its main theorems and trigonometric identities. Finally, it is hoped that this work will contribute to a new geometry spread in universities and elementary schools.